Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Ekhuluma Ngama-Alkenes Nama-Alkynes
I-Pendahuluan
Kumakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ama-alkenes nama-alkynes amaqembu amabili abaluleke kakhulu ama-hydrocarbon compounds. Ama-Alkenes angama-hydrocarbon angagcwalisiwe aqukethe isibopho esisodwa noma ngaphezulu se-carbon-carbon double bond (C=C), kuyilapho ama-alkynes engama-hydrocarbon angagcwalisiwe aqukethe isibopho esisodwa noma ngaphezulu se-carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C). Ukuqonda ukusabela kanye nezindlela zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zama-compounds kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kwe-chemistry.
Lesi sihloko sizohlola ezinye zezibonelo zezinkinga kanye nezingxoxo ezihlobene nama-alkenes nama-alkynes, okungasiza ekuqondeni imiqondo eyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ezimweni ezisebenzayo.
Imibuzo Yesibonelo kanye Nengxoxo Ngama-Alkenes
Umbuzo 1:
Nikeza igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo:
\[ \umbhalo{CH}_2=CH-\umbhalo{CH}_2-\umbhalo{CH}_3 \]
Ingxoxo:
1. Thola uchungechunge olude kakhulu oluqukethe isibopho esiphindwe kabili. Kulesi simo, uchungechunge olude kakhulu yi-butane (amakhabhoni ama-4).
2. Faka izinombolo kuketanga kusukela ekugcineni okuseduze nesibopho esiphindwe kabili.
3. Khomba indawo yesibopho esiphindwe kabili. Isibopho esiphindwe kabili siphakathi kwama-carbon 1 no-2.
4. Igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela yi-1-butene.
Umbuzo 2:
I-compound 2-hexene idlula ekusabeleni kokwengeza nge-Br₂ ku-CCl₄. Bhala i-reaction equation bese uqamba igama lomkhiqizo ophumayo.
Ingxoxo:
1. Ukusabela kwe-Br₂ kuma-alkenes kuvame ukukhiqiza ama-dibromoalkanes.
2. Isakhiwo se-2-hexene: CH₃-CH=CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃.
3. Ukwengezwa kwe-Br₂ ku-double bond kukhiqiza i-2,3-dibromohexane:
\[ \text{CH}_3-CH(\text{Br})-CH(\text{Br})-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3 \]
Imibuzo Yesibonelo kanye Nengxoxo Nge-Alkynes
Umbuzo 3:
Nikeza igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo:
\[ \umbhalo{CH}_3-\umbhalo{C}≡\umbhalo{C}-\umbhalo{CH}_3 \]
Ingxoxo:
1. Thola uchungechunge olude kakhulu oluqukethe isibopho esiphindwe kathathu. Uchungechunge olude kakhulu ngamakhabhoni angu-4.
2. Faka izinombolo kuketanga kusukela ekugcineni okuseduze nesibopho esiphindwe kathathu.
3. Thola indawo yesibopho esiphindwe kathathu. Isibopho esiphindwe kathathu siphakathi kwama-carbon 2 no-3.
4. Igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela yi-2-butyne.
Umbuzo 4:
Nikeza ulwazi mayelana nemikhiqizo ebangelwa ukusabela kokwengeza kwe-HCl ku-1-butyne.
Ingxoxo:
1. Isakhiwo se-1-butyne: CH≡C-CH₂-CH₃.
2. Ukwengezwa kwe-HCl kuqala kuphumela ekufakweni kwesibopho esiphindwe kathathu kanye nokwakheka kwesibopho esiphindwe kabili, okuholela ku-2-chlorobut-1-ene.
3. Ukwengezwa okwengeziwe kwe-HCl ku-double bond kuveza umkhiqizo wokugcina: i-2,2-dichlorobutane.
Indlela Yokusabela
Umbuzo 5:
Chaza indlela esebenza ngayo i-alkene hydrohalogenation reaction ngesibonelo sokusabela: i-propene ene-HBr.
Ingxoxo:
1. Isigaba 1: Ukuvela kwe-Protonation
– Isibopho esiphindwe kabili se-propene (CH₂=CH-CH₃) sisebenzisana ne-proton (H⁺), okwenza i-carbocation ephakathi nendawo.
– I-H⁺ izokwengeza inani le-carbon okuholela ekutheni i-carbohydrate ibe namandla kakhulu.
-I-Protonation ku-C1 ikhiqiza i-carbocation yesibili eqinile.
2. Isinyathelo 2: Ukwengezwa kwe-Halide
– I-Bromide (Br⁻) izohlasela i-carbocation, ikhiqize i-2-bromopropane:
\[ \text{CH}_{3}-\text{CH}_{{\text{Br}}}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3 \]
Umbuzo 6:
Chaza futhi uchaze indlela yokwengeza i-Br₂ ku-ethyne.
Ingxoxo:
1. Isigaba 1: Ukwakheka kwama-Ion e-Bromonium
– I-Ethyne (CH≡CH) isabela ne-Br₂, ngokwakhiwa kwe-ion ye-bromonium ephakathi.
\[ \text{CH}\equiv\text{CH} + \text{Br}_2 \rightarrow \text{BrCH=CHBr} \]
2. Isigaba 2: Ukwakheka kwe-Dibromoalkyne
– Ama-ion e-Bromonium ahlaselwa ngokushesha ama-ion e-bromide yamahhala (Br⁻) ukuze akhe ama-dibromoalkynes.
– Ukusabela okulandelayo kwe-bromination kukhiqiza i-1, 1, 2, 2-tetrabromoethane uma kwenziwa ngokweqile.
Ukusabela Okuxubile
Umbuzo 7:
Thola umkhiqizo okhiqizwe uma ukusabela kwe-ozonolysis kwenziwa ku-2-pentene.
2. Ukusabela kwe-ozonolysis kukhiqiza izingcezu ezimbili ze-carbonyl (i-ketone noma i-aldehyde).
3. I-2-pentene (CH₃-CH=CH-CH₂-CH₃) i-ozonolyzed ukuze ikhiqize i-butanone (CH₃-CO-CH₃) kanye ne-formaldehyde (H-COH).
Izicelo Zokwenziwa
Umbuzo 8:
Ukwenziwa kwe-but-2-yne compound kusuka ku-ethanol.
Ingxoxo
1. Guqula i-ethanol (CH₃-CH₂OH) ibe yi-ethene (CH₂=CH₂) ngokusebenzisa ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.
2. I-Ethene idlula ekusabeleni kokwengeza i-halogen ukuze ikhiqize i-1,2-dibromoethane.
3. Ukususwa kwe-halogenation kwenziwa ukuze kukhiqizwe umjikelezo we-ethyne.
4. ukunwebeka okwengeziwe kuveza i-2-butyne.
Ukuqonda lezi zindlela zokusabela kusekela ikhambi lezinkinga kanye nezindlela ezisebenzayo ezifundweni ezikhethekile ze-organic chemistry.
