Imibuzo Yesibonelo kanye Nengxoxo Yama-Allele Ahlanganisiwe
I-Pendahuluan
Ama-allele amaningi yigama elisetshenziswa ku-genetics ukuchaza ukuba khona kwama-allele angaphezu kwamabili endaweni eyodwa ye-genetic. Lokhu kuhlukile kuphethini yefa le-Mendelian yakudala, ebheka ama-allele amabili kuphela ku-gene eyodwa: i-allele ebusayo kanye ne-recessive. Ama-allele amaningi ahlinzeka ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezakhi zofuzo futhi atholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezibonelo eziningana ezihilela ama-allele amaningi kanye nezixazululo zawo.
Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wezi-Allele Eziningi
Ama-allele amaningi ayiqoqo lama-allele angaphezu kwamabili ahlala endaweni efanayo kuma-chromosome amabili afanayo. Ukuba khona kwama-allele amaningi kuvumela ukwehluka okukhulu kwe-phenotypic kubantu. Isibonelo esivamile sefa le-allelic amaningi uhlobo lwegazi lomuntu (uhlelo lwe-ABO), lapho kukhona ama-allele amathathu: \(I^A\), \(I^B\), kanye \(i\).
Isibonelo Umbuzo 1: Amaqembu Egazi Esistimu ye-ABO
Umbuzo:
Indoda enohlobo lwegazi A ishada nowesifazane onohlobo lwegazi B. Banengane enohlobo lwegazi O. Thola izinhlobo zofuzo ezingaba khona zabazali.
Ingxoxo:
Uhlobo lwegazi A lungaba nohlobo lwe-genotype \(I^AI^A\) noma \(I^Ai\), kuyilapho uhlobo lwegazi B lungaba nohlobo lwe-genotype \(I^BI^B\) noma \(I^Bi\). Uhlobo lwegazi O lungaba nohlobo lwe-genotype \(ii\) kuphela. Njengoba ingane inohlobo lwegazi O, bobabili abazali kumele bafake isandla ku-allele \(i\).
– Indoda enohlobo lwegazi A ene-genotype \(I^Ai\).
– Owesifazane onegazi lohlobo B one-genotype \(I^Bi\).
Uma senza ithebula lokuhlangana kwezakhi zofuzo (isikwele se-punnett), singabona imiphumela yesiphambano sazo kanje:
| | \(I^A\) | \(i\) |
|———-|———|——–|
| \(I^B\) | \(I^AI^B\) | \(Ngi^Bi\) |
| \(i\) | \(I^Ai\) | \(ii\) |
Izinhlobo ezingenzeka zengane:
– \(I^AI^B\): Uhlobo lwegazi AB
– \(I^Bi\): Uhlobo lwegazi B
– \(I^Ai\) : Uhlobo lwegazi A
– \(ii\) : Uhlobo lwegazi O
Ingane enohlobo lwegazi O inohlobo lwe-genotype \(ii\) olungenzeka ngakho kungaphethwa ngokuthi izinhlobo ze-genotype ezingaba khona zabazali bobabili \(I^Ai\) kanye \(I^Bi\).
Isibonelo Umbuzo 2: Umbala Woboya Kunogwaja
Umbuzo:
Kunogwaja, umbala wejazi unqunywa yiqoqo lama-allele amaningi ngokulandelana kokubusa \(C > c^c > c^h > c\). Imibala yejazi engaba khona yile:
– \(CC, Cc^c, Cc^h, Cc\): Onezinwele ezimnyama
– \(c^cc^c, c^cc^h, c^cc\): I-Sepia-toned
– \(c^hc^h, c^hc\): uboya baseHimalaya
– \(cc\): Uboya be-Albino
Uma onogwaja ababili be-sepia behlanganiswa, thola isilinganiso se-phenotype senzalo yabo.
Ingxoxo:
Unogwaja onoboya be-sepia ungaba nohlobo lwe-genotype \(c^cc^c\), \(c^cc^h\), noma \(c^cc\). Ukuze kube lula, ake sithi bobabili onogwaja bane-genotype \(c^cc^c\).
Inhlanganisela phakathi konogwaja abanohlobo lwe-genotype \(c^cc^c\) imi kanje:
| | \(c^c\) | \(c\) |
|———-|———|——–|
| \(c^c\) | \(c^cc^c\) | \(c^cc\) |
| \(c\) | \(c^cc\) | \(cc\) |
Isilinganiso se-genotypic kanye ne-phenotypic:
– \(c^cc^c\): Uboya be-Sepia
– \(2c^cc\): Uboya baseHimalaya
– \(cc\): Uboya be-Albino
Isilinganiso se-phenotype sezingane zabo sasingu-1 sepia: 2 himalayan: 1 albino.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 3: Izifo Zabantu
Umbuzo:
Esimweni esithile sezakhi zofuzo, kunezinhlobo ezine ze-allele, okungukuthi \(A_1\), \(A_2\), \(A_3\), kanye \(a\) ngokulandelana kokubusa \(A_1 > A_2 > A_3 > a\). Uma umuntu enezinhlobo zezakhi zofuzo \(A_1a\) kanye \(A_3A_3\), nquma uhlobo lomuntu ngamunye.
Ingxoxo:
– Umuntu one-genotype \(A_1a\): Njengoba \(A_1\) ebusa ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye i-allele, lo muntu uzoveza uhlobo lwe-phenotype oluhambisana ne-allele \(A_1\).
– Umuntu ngamunye one-genotype \(A_3A_3\): Njengoba i-allele \(A_3\) inamandla ku-allele \(a\) kodwa iphindaphindeka ku-\(A_1\) kanye \(A_2\), i-phenotype izosuselwa ekubonakalisweni kwe-allele \(A_3\).
Isiphetho
Ingxoxo yemibuzo ekulesi sihloko ibonisa ukuthi ifa lezici ezinama-allele amaningi liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunefa lamaMendelian akudala. Ama-allele amaningi endaweni eyodwa anikeza ithuba lokwehluka okubanzi kwe-phenotypic. Ngokuqonda umqondo wama-allele amaningi, singanquma kalula imiphumela engaba khona yezakhi zofuzo kubantu. Ukuhlaziywa okunjalo kubalulekile ekufundweni kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kwezokwelapha, ukuzalanisa, kanye ne-biology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
