Ifiziksi Yesikole Samabanga Aphezulu

Ukuqonda Izinhlelo Nemvelo

Uhlelo luyinto noma iqembu lezinto ezifundwayo. Ezinye izinto endaweni yonke zibizwa ngokuthi indawo ezungezile. Ngokuvamile, uhlelo luhlukaniswa nendawo ezungezile yi-"partition/limiter/separator."

Isibonelo, ake sithi sifuna ukuphenya ngamanzi ku-thermos. Amanzi angaphakathi kwe-thermos akha uhlelo, kuyilapho umoya nezinye izinto ezingaphandle kwe-thermos zakha indawo ezungezile. Izindonga ze-thermos, kokubili ingilazi engaphakathi kanye nepulasitiki engaphandle, zisebenza njengesihlukanisi. I-thermos yamanzi iyisibonelo esisodwa.

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Ukuqonda Ukushisa Okucashile

Uma ufaka i-thermometer ye-mercury esitsheni esiqukethe ingxube yamanzi abandayo neqhwa, uzobona ukuthi ngemva kokuhamba phansi, ubuso be-mercury bumile noma abushukumi. Ubuso be-mercury buyayeka ukuhamba ngemva kokufinyelela endaweni yokuncibilika kwamanzi noma endaweni yokubanda kwamanzi (0 ^o C). Uma isitsha sivuliwe, ukushisa kugeleza kusuka emoyeni ekushiseni okuphezulu kuya engxubeni yeqhwa namanzi ekushiseni okuphansi. Ukushisa okwengeziwe okuvela emoyeni kubangela ukuthi iqhwa lincibilike. Njengoba iqhwa lincibilika, ingabe izinga lokushisa lengxube yeqhwa namanzi liyashintsha? Njengoba iqhwa lincibilika, izinga lokushisa lengxube yamanzi neqhwa alishintshi.

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Ukushisa okuqondile (c) inani lokushisa (Q) elidingekayo ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa (T) leyunithi eyodwa yesisindo (m) sento ngezinga elilodwa. Ifomula ka-c ithi:

Uhlelo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe Lwamayunithi ngu-J/Kg K.

Ukushisa okuthile kwento kuyashintsha ngokushisa. Uma ushintsho lokushisa lungelukhulu kakhulu, inani lingabhekwa njengelihlala njalo. Okulandelayo amanani ka-c ezintweni eziningana ngokucindezela okungu-1 atm kanye nokushisa okungu-20 ^° C (okutholakale ngokuhlola).

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Uma izinto ezinamazinga okushisa ahlukene zihlangana, ukushisa ngokwemvelo kuhamba kusuka entweni enezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kuya entweni enezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Ukudluliselwa kokushisa kuyama uma izinto ezimbili zifinyelela ukulingana kokushisa . Kungashiwo ukuthi ukudluliselwa kokushisa kubangela ushintsho ekushiseni kwezinto ezixhumanayo. Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo emfushane, kuphethwa ngokuthi ukushisa (Q) kuhlobene nento kanye noshintsho lokushisa (delta T) yaleyo nto. Into ngayinye inesisindo (m) futhi uhlobo lwento nalo luhlukile.

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Iyunithi yokushisa yikhalori (efingqiwe ngokuthi i-kal). Ikhalori inani lokushisa elidingekayo ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa legremu eli-1 lamanzi nge-1 C₂ ⁽ kusukela ku-14,5 ^o C kuya ku-15,5 ^o C). Inani lokushisa elidingekayo liyahlukahluka emazingeni okushisa ahlukene amanzi . Ngenani elifanayo lokushisa, ukwanda kwe-1 ^C₂ kokushisa kwamanzi kwenzeka kuphela phakathi kuka-14,5 ^o C no-15,5 ^o C. Iyunithi yokushisa evame ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ukuveza inani lamandla okudla, yi-kilocalorie (kcal). 1 kcal = amakhalori ayi-1000. Elinye igama le-1 kcal = 1 Calorie (inhloko-dolobha K). Iyunithi yokushisa yesistimu yaseBrithani yi-Btu (iyunithi yokushisa yaseBrithani). 1 Btu = inani lokushisa elidingekayo ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lephawundi eli-1 lamanzi nge-1 F₂ ⁽ kusukela ku-63 ^o F kuya ku-64 ^o F).

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Ukuqonda Izinto Ezingavamile Zamanzi

Into ngayinye iyakhula (ivolumu iyanda) lapho izinga lokushisa lento likhuphuka futhi lincipha (ivolumu iyancipha) lapho izinga lokushisa lento lincipha. Amanzi ayanda futhi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka futhi lincipha lapho izinga lokushisa lincipha, kodwa hhayi emazingeni okushisa angu-0 ^o C – 4 ^o C. Phakathi kwamazinga okushisa angu-0 ^o C no-4 ^o C, ivolumu yamanzi iyancipha (amanzi ancipha) njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Uma sifudumeza amanzi ekushiseni okungu-0 ^o C, lapho amanzi eshisa kakhulu, ivolumu yamanzi incipha kakhulu. Inqubo yokuncipha iyama lapho amanzi efika ekushiseni okungu-4 ^o C. Ngaphezulu kuka-4 ^o C, ivolumu yamanzi iyanda (amanzi ayanda) njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amanzi ayanda (ivolumu yamanzi iyanda) lapho izinga lokushisa lincipha kusuka ku-4 ^o C kuya ku-0 ^o C. Lokhu kungavamile kwamanzi kwaziwa ngokuthi i-anomaly yamanzi.

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Uma ubheka izintambo zikagesi eduze, uzobona ukuthi zigobile phansi ngenxa yokuxega. Kungani izintambo zikagesi zikhululwa ngamabomu, kunokuba zimane zicindezelwe? Uphahla oluningi eFlores naseLembata, e-East Nusa Tenggara, lwenziwe nge-zinc (Zn). Emini noma ebusuku, uphahla lwe-zinc lwenza umsindo. Kungani i-zinc yenza umsindo? Uma uhlala esiqhingini saseJava, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wabona imizila yesitimela. Kunezikhala ezingosini zesitimela. Uyini umsebenzi walezi zikhala ezingosini zesitimela? Kunezinto eziningi ongacabanga ngazo futhi uzibuze ngazo ezihlobene nesihloko sokwandiswa.

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Uma silinganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-thermometer, isibonelo i-mercury thermometer kanye ne-alcohol thermometer, izikali zama-thermometer womabili ziyafana kuphela ku-0 ^o C (noma ku-32 ^o F) kanye no-100 ^o C (noma ku-212 ^o F). Uma sisebenzisa womabili ama-thermometer ukukala izinga lokushisa lomoya, izinombolo eziboniswa yi-thermometer ngayinye ngeke zifane ngempela. Kungenzeka ukuthi i -mercury thermometer ikhombisa u-48 ^o C, kanti i-alcohol thermometer ikhombisa u-46 ^o C. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinga lokukhula kwe-mercury kanye ne-alcohol lihlukile. Ngokufanayo nezinye izinhlobo zama-thermometer, njenge-bimetallic thermometers, njll. Isikali sokushisa esinqunywa ngale ndlela sincike kakhulu ezimpahleni zezinto ezisetshenziswayo.

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Izikali ze-Celsius ne-Fahrenheit ziyizilinganiso zokushisa ezihlukile. Uma izinga lokushisa lento lilinganiswa futhi livezwa nge-Celsius bese sifuna ukuveza izinga lokushisa lento nge-Fahrenheit, siguqula kusuka ku-Celsius kuya ku-Fahrenheit. Kulesi sigaba, sifunda ukuthi singaguqula kanjani noma senze kanjani izinguquko zokushisa.

Uma ingcindezi ingu-1 atm, izinga lokushisa leqhwa le-thermometer ye-Celsius = 0 ^oC, kuyilapho isikali se-thermometer se-Fahrenheit = 32 ^oF. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekucindezelweni okungu-1 atm, izinga lokushisa lephuzu lomhwamuko le-thermometer yesikali se-Celsius = 100 ^oC, kuyilapho isikali se-thermometer se-Fahrenheit = 212 ^oF. Bheka isithombe esingezansi!

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Izinhlobo Zesilinganiso Se-Thermometer

Ukuze i-thermometer isetshenziswe ukukala izinga lokushisa, idinga ukuchazwa esikalini. Izikali ezimbili ze-thermometer ezisetshenziswa kakhulu isikali se-Celsius kanye nesikali se-Fahrenheit. Isikali sokushisa esisetshenziswa kakhulu e-Indonesia isikali se-Celsius. Elinye igama lesikali se-Celsius isikali se-centigrade. I-Centigrade = izinyathelo eziyikhulu. Isikali se-Fahrenheit sivame ukusetshenziswa e-United States noma emazweni anobusika obubandayo. Isikali sokushisa esibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi isikali esiphelele, noma isikali se-Kelvin. Isikali se-Kelvin sizoxoxwa kamuva.

Izikali zeCelsius neFahrenheit zisebenzisa amaphuzu okuqandisa nokubila kwamanzi njengamaphuzu aqinile. Iphuzu lokuqandisa lento yizinga lokushisa lapho izigaba eziqinile neziwuketshezi zisesilinganisweni sokushisa . Ngokuphambene nalokho, iphuzu lokubila lento yizinga lokushisa lapho izigaba zoketshezi negesi zisesilinganisweni sokushisa. Amaphuzu okuqandisa nokubila ahlala eshintsha ngokucindezela komoya, ngakho-ke ukucindezela komoya kumele kunqunywe kuqala. Ngokuvamile sisebenzisa ukucindezela okujwayelekile, okungu-1 atm (umkhathi owodwa). Umkhathi uyiyunithi yokucindezela komoya.

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