Izinhlobo Zokuzivumelanisa Nezilwane Ezindaweni Ezibucayi
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyindlela ebalulekile yokusinda evumela izilwane ukuba zichume ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezimbi kakhulu. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, ukukhetha kwemvelo kuye kwaholela ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo okuthakazelisayo okwenza kube lula ukusinda ezindaweni zokuhlala kusukela e-Arctic ebandayo kuya eSahara eyomile, kusukela emahlathini ashiswe yilanga kuya ekujuleni kolwandle okuchotshozayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindlela ezahlukene izilwane ezizivumelanisa ngazo nalezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu, sihlole ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokomzimba, ngokokuziphatha, nangokokwakheka kwazo.
Ukuguqulwa Kwemvelo
Ukuguquguquka kwemvelo yizinqubo zangaphakathi zomzimba ezithuthukisa ukusinda nokuzala ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukuguqulwa Kwezimo Ezilwaneni Zase-Arctic
Izindawo zase-Arctic nase-Antarctic, eziphawulwa ukubanda okukhulu, zidinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okukhethekile ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Amabhere ase-Polar (Ursus maritimus), isibonelo, anengqimba enkulu yama-buds ngaphansi kwesikhumba sawo, ahlinzeka ngokuvikela amazinga okushisa abandayo. Uboya bawo, nakuba bubonakala bumhlophe, empeleni bukhanya futhi bubonisa ukukhanya, okusiza ekugcineni ukushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhumba sawo esimnyama simunca ukushisa okuvela elangeni, okuhlinzeka ngokufudumala okwengeziwe.
Ngokufanayo, izimpungushe zase-Arctic (Vulpes lagopus) zibonisa izinqubo zomzimba ekulawuleni ukushisa. Uboya bazo bushintsha ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka; ebusika, buba bukhulu futhi bube mhlophe, bunikeza kokubili ukufudumala kanye nokufihla iqhwa. Ehlobo, uboya buyancipha futhi bushintshe umbala bube nsundu noma bumpunga, okusiza impungushe ukuthi ihlangane nendawo engenalutho ye-tundra.
Ukulondolozwa Kwamanzi Ezilwaneni Zasehlane
Izindawo zasehlane zibeka izilwane inselele ngokushisa okukhulu namanzi angekho. Impungushe ye-fennec (Vulpes zerda), edabuka eSahara, inezindlebe ezinkulu ezikhipha ukushisa kanye nokusebenza kwezinso okuphumelelayo kakhulu okunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi. Zithola umswakama ezinyamazaneni zazo futhi zingaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi azimele.
Ikamela (i-Camelus dromedarius), evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umkhumbi wasehlane,” ibonisa ukuzivumelanisa okumangalisayo nokongiwa kwamanzi. Amakamela angaphuza amanzi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, awagcine egazini lawo. Anamaqhubu akhiwe ngamafutha, hhayi amanzi, okuthi uma egaywa, akhiphe amandla namanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakamela anekhono lokushintsha izinga lokushisa lomzimba wawo, anciphise isidingo sokujuluka ngaleyo ndlela alondoloze amanzi.
Ukumelana Nokucindezela Ezidalweni Zasolwandle Olujulile
Ulwandle olujulile, olunezingcindezi zalo ezicindezelayo kanye nobumnyama obuphelele, lunesethi ehlukile yokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Izinhlanzi ezijulile njenge-fangtooth (Anoplogaster cornuta) zinamathambo aguquguqukayo kanye nezakhiwo zamathambo ezinciphile ezimelana nokucindezeleka okuphezulu. I-Bioluminescence, isici esivamile phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezijulile njenge-anglerfish (Lophiiformes), nayo yenza kube lula ukusinda. Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo kuzivumela ukuthi zidonse izisulu kanye nabangane ekujuleni kolwandle olumnyama.
Ukuguquguquka Kokuziphatha
Ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha kuyizenzo ezenziwa yizilwane ukuze zisinde ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala ezibucayi.
Ukufuduka
Ukufuduka kuyindlela evamile yokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Izinyoni ezifana ne-Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) zithatha uhambo olude lokufuduka zisuka ezindaweni zazo zokuzalela e-Arctic ziye e-Antarctica, zithatha cishe amakhilomitha angu-25,000 ngonyaka. Lokhu kufuduka kuzivumela ukuthi zisebenzise izinsiza zokudla nezindawo zokuzalela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba njengoba izinkathi zonyaka zishintsha.
Ukulala ebusuku kanye nokuphumula
Ukulala ebusuku kanye nokuzindla kuyindlela yokuziphatha yokubhekana namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ukulala ebusuku kusetshenziswa yizilwane ezindaweni ezibandayo ukuze zisinde ebusika lapho ukudla kuntula futhi amazinga okushisa ehla. Isibonelo, ibhere elimnyama laseMelika (i-Ursus americanus) lingena esimweni sokungakhululeki, lapho izinga lokugaya ukudla kanye nokushisa komzimba kwehla khona, kunciphisa izidingo zamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umoya uyabonakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezomile. I-African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) igobhoza odakeni bese ikhipha i-mucous cocoon ukuze igcine umswakama ngesikhathi sesomiso. Lesi simo sokungalali sivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukumelana nesikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Ukuziphatha Komphakathi Ezimweni Ezibandayo
Ezindaweni ezibandayo, ukuziphatha komphakathi kunganikeza ukufudumala nokuvikelwa. Ama-penguin e-Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) abonisa ukuzivumelanisa okuphawulekayo kokuziphatha okwaziwa ngokuthi ukugoqana. Ngesikhathi sasebusika sase-Antarctica, izinkulungwane zama-penguin zakha ukugoqana okuqinile ukuze zilondoloze ukushisa. Ama-penguin ngamanye ayashintshana ngokuba semaphethelweni angaphandle e-guddle, eqinisekisa ukuthi athola ukuchayeka okulinganayo emakhazeni nasekufudumaleni.
Ukulungiswa Kwesakhiwo
Ukuguquguquka kwesakhiwo yizici zomzimba ezithuthukisa ukusinda kwesilwane endaweni yaso.
Ukucasha kanye ne-Mimicry
Izilwane eziningi zinezindlela zokwakheka ezizivumelanisa nezimo ukuze zifihle, okuzivumela ukuthi zihlangane nendawo ezizungezile futhi zigweme izilwane ezidla ezinye. Unogwaja we-snowshoe (Lepus americanus) ushintsha umbala woboya bawo ngokwezinkathi zonyaka - umhlophe ebusika ukuze uvumelane neqhwa, kanye nsundu ehlobo ukuze uvumelane nendawo ephansi yehlathi. Lo mbala uhlinzeka ngesivikelo esibalulekile ezidla ezinye izilwane.
I-Mimicry ingenye indlela yokwakheka, lapho isilwane sishintsha khona ukuze sifane nolunye uhlobo. Uvemvane i-viceroy (Limenitis archippus) ulingisa ukubukeka kovemvane i-monarch enobuthi (i-Danaus plexippus), okuvimbela izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokukhohlisa okubonakalayo.
Izitho Ezikhethekile
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ekwakhekeni kwamalungu kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusinda. Isibonelo, izinyawo ze-gecko (Gekkonidae) zinezakhiwo ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-lamellae, ezizivumela ukuthi zikhuphuke izindawo ezibushelelezi kalula. Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo kuzivumela ukuba zibalekele izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zizingele ukudla endaweni eqondile.
Isiphetho
Uhlu olukhulu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo oluboniswa yizilwane ezindaweni ezibucayi lubonisa ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kanye nokuqina kokuphila eMhlabeni. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okufana nokulawula ukushisa, ukulondolozwa kwamanzi, kanye nokumelana nokucindezela kubonisa indlela izinqubo zangaphakathi ezilungiswa ngayo ukuze zisinde. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okufana nokufuduka, ubusika, kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi kubonisa ukubaluleka kwezenzo namasu ekubhekaneni nezimo ezinzima. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, okuhlanganisa ukuzifihla, ukulingisa, kanye nemilenze ekhethekile, kugqamisa indima yezici zomzimba ekuthuthukiseni ikhono lesilwane lokuchuma.
Ukuqonda lezi zimo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo akugcini nje ngokujulisa ukwazisa kwethu ngezwe lemvelo kodwa futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvikela lezi zindawo zokuhlala eziyingqayizivele. Njengoba isimo sezulu sishintsha futhi imisebenzi yabantu ithinta kakhulu imvelo, ukuvikela ibhalansi ebucayi yalezi zindawo zemvelo kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngemizamo yokulondoloza kanye nokutadisha okwengeziwe, singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo ziyaqhubeka nokusinda futhi zijwayela ezindaweni zazo ezimbi kakhulu ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
