I-Marine Biology kanye Nokuphila Esitezi Solwandle
Ububanzi obukhulu bolwandle bumboza izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zobuso boMhlaba futhi buqukethe cishe u-97% wamanzi awo, bube yindwangu enkulu yokuphila kanye nemfihlakalo. Umbuso webhayoloji yasolwandle ufuna ukuxazulula lezi zimfihlakalo, ugxile ekufundweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlala olwandle. Phakathi kwezindawo eziyimfihlakalo kakhulu kubhayoloji yasolwandle kukhona phansi kolwandle, umhlaba ofihliwe ogcwele ukuphila kanye nokuhlukahluka, naphezu kokubukeka kwawo okungafanele.
Isitezi Solwandle: Ukubuka Konke
Iphansi lolwandle, noma indawo engaphansi komhlaba, liqala ogwini lolwandle futhi lehle liye emiseleni ejulile, eminye yayo ewela ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayisikhombisa ngaphansi kolwandle. Lakhiwe yizifunda ezahlukene: ishelufu yezwekazi, umthambeka, ukuphakama, ithafa elingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nemisele yolwandle olujulile. Indawo ngayinye inezimo nezindawo zokuhlala ezihlukile, kusukela eshelufini yezwekazi elingajulile neligcwele ukukhanya kuya emathafeni nasemiseleni emnyama qhwa, enomfutho ophezulu.
Naphezu kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu nezibonakala zingahlalwa muntu – njengobumnyama obuphelele, amazinga okushisa abandayo, kanye nokucindezela okukhulu – phansi kolwandle kuyimvelo echumayo neguquguqukayo. Ukuphila lapha kuye kwashintsha izimo ezimangalisayo ukuze kuphile futhi kuchume.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezihlukile Nokuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ebumnyameni obungapheli phansi kolwandle, lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungenakukwazi ukungena khona, izinto eziningi eziphilayo ziye zakha izindlela ezihlukile zokusinda. I-Bioluminescence, ikhono lokukhiqiza ukukhanya ngokwemvelo, ingenye yezindlela ezinjalo zokushintsha. Izinhlobo ezifana nezinhlanzi ezidoba abalobi zisebenzisa izicupho ze-bioluminescent ukuze zidonse izisulu, kanti ezinye zisebenzisa i-bioluminescence ukuze zifihle noma zokuxhumana.
Ingcindezi ekujuleni kwalezi zindawo iyacindezela, ivame ukwedlula imimoya eyi-1,000, kodwa izidalwa eziningi zasolwandle ziye zazivumelanisa nayo. Izinhlanzi zasemanzini ajulile zinamathambo aguquguqukayo kanye nezikhala zomoya ezincane emizimbeni yazo, okuvimbela ukuwohloka ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-Hadal snailfish ziyachuma ekujuleni kwe-Mariana Trench, zibonisa ukuqina kwemvelo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Naphezu kokutholakala kokudla okulinganiselwe, ukuphila phansi kolwandle kuchuma ngezindlela ezihlukile. Imigodi yamanzi ashisayo kanye nokugeleza okubandayo kuyizindawo ezishisayo zomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo. Le migodi, etholakale kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ikhipha amanzi acebile ngamaminerali afudunyezwa amandla omhlaba ashisayo. Indawo ezungezile isekela imiphakathi eningi yezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa ama-tubeworm, ama-clam, kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukile ze-shrimp kanye nezinkalankala. Lezi zidalwa zithembele ku-chemosynthesis, inqubo lapho amabhaktheriya eguqula khona amakhemikhali akhishwa yimigodi abe amandla, akha isisekelo senethiwekhi yokudla engavamile.
Indima Yezazi Zezinto Zasolwandle
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle zingabacwaningi bokujula, bezama ukuqonda ubunzima kanye nokuxhumana kokuphila phansi kolwandle. Basebenzisa amasu namathuluzi ahlukahlukene, kusukela ezimotweni ezisebenza kude (ama-ROV) kanye nezimoto ezizimele zangaphansi kwamanzi (ama-AUV) kuya ezingaphansi kolwandle, okubavumela ukuthi bahlole lezi zindawo ezingafinyeleleki. Ngomsebenzi wabo, bathola izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane, bafunde ubudlelwano bezemvelo, futhi baqaphe izinguquko zemvelo ezingathinta imvelo yasolwandle.
Ucwaningo oluphathelene nolwandle lunemiphumela ejulile ekuqondeni kwethu umlando woMhlaba kanye namaphethini ezulu. Amasampula enhlabathi avela olwandle, isibonelo, aqukethe amarekhodi ezimo zezulu zesikhathi esidlule, okusiza ososayensi ukubikezela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo kulezi zindawo ezibucayi kusiza ekufundweni kwamandla okuphila kwamanye amaplanethi.
Umthelela Wabantu Nokulondolozwa Kwemvelo
Nakuba phansi kolwandle kungakahlolwa kangako, imisebenzi yabantu isiqalile ukushiya uphawu lwayo. Ukudoba olwandle olujulile, ukumbiwa kwezimayini, kanye nokungcola kuyizingozi ezinkulu kulezi zindawo zemvelo ezibuthakathaka. Ukudoba ngokweqile kunciphisa izinhlobo ezibalulekile zezilwane, kuphazamise ibhalansi yemiphakathi yolwandle olujulile. Ukumbiwa kwezimayini olwandle olujulile, okuhlose izinsiza ezifana nezinsimbi eziyigugu namaminerali, kungabangela umonakalo ongenakuguqulwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ongathatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuze ululame.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyathinta nalezi zifunda. Ukushisa kokushisa kolwandle, ukwakheka kwe-asidi, kanye noshintsho emifuleni yolwandle kungaba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo ezinhlotsheni zokuphila ezithambile ezihlala phansi kolwandle.
Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zinsongo, imizamo yokulondolozwa kolwandle ibalulekile. Ukusungula izindawo ezivikelwe olwandle (ama-MPA) kuvumela izimiso zemvelo ukuthi ziphinde zikhule ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngabantu. Imithethonqubo yamazwe ngamazwe njengeSivumelwano Sezizwe Ezihlangene Somthetho Wolwandle ihlose ukuphatha nokuvikela izinsiza zasolwandle ngendlela efanele.
Ubuqili Bezindawo Ezingaziwa
Naphezu kwezinselele zayo, ukuhlola phansi kolwandle kuyaqhubeka nokuheha ososayensi kanye nomphakathi ngokufanayo. Ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezintsha, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okungavamile, kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo eziyingqayizivele kukhulisa ilukuluku lethu futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokulondoloza lezi zindawo ezingakahlolwa kahle.
Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kwezobuchwepheshe ithembisa ukuhlola okujulile nokuningiliziwe, kwembule izimfihlo zaphansi kolwandle. Kusukela kuma-ROV asezingeni eliphezulu akwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi ezinkulu kuya kumasu amasha okuthwebula izithombe anikeza imibono ecacile yezindawo zokuhlala ezijulile zolwandle, la mathuluzi azothuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kanye nekhono lokuvikela le ngxenye ebalulekile yeplanethi yethu.
Isiphetho
Ibhayoloji yasolwandle kanye nokufunda ngokuphila phansi kolwandle kwembula umhlaba wokuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Lo mbuso ofihliwe, nakuba unzima futhi unzima kakhulu, ugcwele isimangaliso futhi ubalulekile empilweni yeplanethi yethu. Njengoba siqhubeka nokuhlola nokuqonda lokhu kujula, kubalulekile ukulinganisela izintshisekelo zabantu nokulondolozwa.
Iphansi lolwandle lisikhumbuza ngezinto eziningi ezingaziwa ezisekhona kanye nomthwalo wethu wemfanelo wokuvikela lezi zindawo zemvelo. Ngocwaningo kanye nemikhuba eqhubekayo, singaqinisekisa ukuthi impilo iyaqhubeka nokuchuma ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zolwandle lwethu. Lokhu kuphishekela ulwazi akugcini nje ngokwanelisa ilukuluku lethu elingokwemvelo kodwa futhi kubeka isisekelo sokulondoloza ukuhlukahluka okucebile okubiza iphansi lolwandle njengekhaya.
