Ukuqhathanisa Phakathi Kwamaseli Ezilwane Nezitshalo
Amaseli ayizakhi eziyisisekelo zokuphila, kungaba yisilwane noma isitshalo. Naphezu kokwabelana ngezinqubo eziyisisekelo ezifana nokuzala, ukuguqulwa kwamandla, kanye nezinto zofuzo, amaseli ezilwane nezitshalo abonisa izici ezihlukile. Lesi sihloko sihlola lokhu kufana futhi siqokomisa umehluko obalulekile mayelana nesakhiwo, umsebenzi, kanye nama-organelle.
Ukubuka Konke Kwesakhiwo
Womabili amangqamuzana ezilwane nawezitshalo angama-eukaryotic, okusho ukuthi ane-nucleus yangempela evalelwe ngaphakathi kwe-membrane, kanye nezinye i-organelles eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ake siqale sibukeze izingxenye eziyisisekelo zamaseli ezivamile kuzo zombili:
– I-Plasma Membrane: Isithiyo esikhethiwe esilawula ukuhamba kwezinto ezingenayo neziphumayo eseli.
– I-Cytoplasm: Uketshezi olufana nejeli ngaphakathi kwe-membrane yeseli oluqukethe ama-organelle.
– I-Nucleus: Isikhungo sokulawula esigcina i-DNA.
– I-Mitochondria: Yaziwa njengezindawo zamandla zeseli, lapho i-ATP yenziwa khona.
– I-Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Ihlukaniswe yaba yi-rough (ene-ribosomes) kanye ne-smooth (ngaphandle kwe-ribosomes), idlala indima ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni kanye ne-lipid.
– I-Golgi Apparatus: Iguqula, ihlunge, futhi ipakishe amaprotheni nama-lipid ukuze agcinwe noma athuthwe aphume esitokisini.
– Ama-Ribosome: Izindawo zokwenziwa kwamaprotheni.
– Ama-Lysosome: Atholakala emangqamuzaneni ezilwane, ahilelekile ekugayweni nasekususweni kwemfucuza.
Izici Eziyingqayizivele Zamaseli Ezitshalo
Amaseli ezitshalo anezakhi eziningana ezihlukile eziwahlukanisa namaseli ezilwane:
– Udonga Lweseli: Ngale kolwelwesi lwe-plasma oluguquguqukayo, amangqamuzana ezitshalo anodonga lweseli oluqinile olwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko yi-cellulose, olunikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo kanye nokuvikelwa.
– Ama-chloroplast: Lawa ma-organelle agcina i-pigment chlorophyll futhi ayizindawo ze-photosynthesis, okwenza izitshalo zikwazi ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube amandla.
– I-Central Vacuole: Isikhwama esikhulu, esiphakathi esigcina ingcindezi ye-cell turgor (ingcindezi yangaphakathi odongeni lweseli), sigcina izakhamzimba, imikhiqizo elahliwe, futhi sisize ekugcineni isimo seseli.
Izici Eziyingqayizivele Zamaseli Ezilwane
Amaseli ezilwane, yize engenazo izakhiwo zamaseli ezitshalo kuphela, anezici ezihlukile:
– Ama-Centrioles: Ahilelekile ekuhlukanisweni kwamaseli, esiza ekuhleleni i-mitotic spindle.
– Ama-Lysosome: Lawa atholakala ngobuningi futhi akhethekile ngokufanele kumaseli ezilwane, izinto ezingcolisayo kanye nemfucumfucu yamaseli.
Ukuhlaziyanisa Ukuqhathanisa
I-Cell Wall kanye ne-Membrane
Ukungabikho kodonga lweseli emaseli ezilwaneni kuwanika ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwesimo, okuvumela imisebenzi ekhethekile njengokunyakaza. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuba khona kodonga lweseli emaseli ezitshalo kunikeze ubuqotho besakhiwo kanye nokuqina, okubalulekile ezitshalweni ezingenalo uhlelo lwamathambo.
Ukuguqulwa kwamandla
Zombili izinhlobo zamaseli zithembele ku-mitochondria ukuze kuphefumule amaseli. Kodwa-ke, amaseli ezitshalo nawo anama-chloroplast ukuze enze i-photosynthesis. Leli khono elikabili liwavumela ukuthi akhiqize amandla awo avela elangeni futhi awaguqule abe yi-glucose, esetshenziswa ekuphefumuleni kwamaseli. Amaseli ezilwane athembele kuphela ekutholeni izinto eziphilayo (ukudla) ukuze agcwalise izidingo zawo zamandla.
Ukugcinwa Kwamanzi Nokuphathwa Kwemfucuza
I-vacuole ephakathi emaseli ezitshalo inezindima eziningana: ukugcinwa kwezakhamzimba kanye nemikhiqizo yemfucuza, ukugcinwa kwengcindezi efanele ngaphakathi kweseli, kanye nokusekelwa kwesakhiwo seseli. Nakuba amaseli ezilwane equkethe ama-vacuole amancane, awadlali njengendima evelele. Esikhundleni salokho, athembele kakhulu kuma-lysosome ekuphathweni kwemfucuza kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwayo.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamaselula
Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, amaseli ezitshalo nezilwane abonisa izindlela ezihlukile ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwehluka kwesakhiwo. Kumaseli ezitshalo, ipuleti leseli lakhiwa ngesikhathi se-cytokinesis ukuze likhule libe udonga oluhlukanisayo phakathi kwamaseli amabili amasha endodakazi. Amaseli ezilwane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akhiwa ukwakheka komsele oqhekekile, lapho ulwelwesi lweseli luncinza khona ukuze luhlukanise iseli.
Ama-Organelle Akhethekile
Ama-centrioles ahlukile kumaseli ezilwane futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukanisweni kwamaseli ngokwakhiwa kwe-mitotic spindle, ehlukanisa ama-chromosome ngesikhathi se-mitosis. Ukungabikho kwama-centrioles kumaseli ezitshalo aphezulu kukhomba indlela yokuhlukanisa eqondile kula maseli.
Ukulungiswa Okusebenzayo
Umehluko wesakhiwo emaseli ezitshalo nezilwane uhlobene nokuzivumelanisa kwawo nokusebenza, okuhambisana nezindima zawo ezintweni eziphilayo zawo.
– Ukwakheka Kwezinto Eziphilayo kanye Namandla: Izitshalo, njengoba ziyi-autotrophs, ziye zajwayela ukusebenzisa amandla elanga nge-photosynthesis, kuyilapho amangqamuzana ezilwane enezindlela zokuphila ezingafani, okudinga ukuzijwayeza okuhlukahlukene ezinhlelweni zokugaya ukudla ukuze kudliwe futhi kucutshungulwe ukudla.
– Ukunyakaza Nokuguquguquka: Ukungabikho kodonga lwamaseli oluqinile kumaseli ezilwane kuvumela ukuhamba okuphezulu nokusebenzisana nezindawo kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, okubalulekile ezindleleni zazo zokusinda njengokuzingela, ukubalekela izilwane ezidla ezinye, kanye nokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi komphakathi.
– Ukukhula Nokuthuthuka: Amaseli ezitshalo, ngokuba khona kodonga lweseli kanye nama-vacuole amakhulu, avumela ukukhula okusheshayo kanye nokuqina kwesakhiwo okudingekayo ukuze isitshalo sime siqonde futhi sithuthe izakhamzimba ngezicubu zemithambo yegazi.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda umehluko ocacile kanye nokufana phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane nezitshalo kukhanyisa isithombe esibanzi sesayensi yokuphila kanye namasu ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa izinhlobo zokuphila ukuze zichume ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Ukuguquguquka kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwamaseli kugcizelela ubuhle bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwakheka kwamaseli ekwakheni izinqubo zokuphila. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufundwe ngentshisekelo yezemfundo noma kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-bio, ukuqonda okujulile kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ubunkimbinkimbi bezinto eziphilayo obusekela ukuhlukahluka kokuphila.
