Umlando kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwemfundiso Yezinkanyezi
I-Astronomy yisayensi efunda izinto zasezulwini njengezinkanyezi, amaplanethi, ama-comet, imithala, nezinye izinto zemvelo. Kusukela empucukweni yasendulo kuya kubuchwepheshe besimanje, ulwazi lwezinkanyezi kanye nethiyori kuye kwathuthuka ngokushesha. Lesi sihloko sizobukeza umlando kanye nentuthuko yethiyori yezinkanyezi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla.
Izikhathi Zasendulo: Ukuqashelwa Kwasekuqaleni
Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baqala ukubuka nokurekhoda izenzakalo zasemkhathini. Ngokwesibonelo, abaseGibhithe nabaseBhabhiloni bakha amakhalenda asekelwe ekuhambeni kwelanga nenyanga. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isayensi yezinkanyezi yayisathonywa kakhulu yisayensi yezinkanyezi, isifundo sobudlelwano phakathi kokuhamba kwezinto zasemkhathini kanye nesiphetho somuntu.
EGrisi lasendulo, isayensi yezinkanyezi yaqala ukufaka imibono yejiyometri. AmaThales aseMiletus noPythagoras babengabanye babantu bokuqala abadlala indima ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, kwakungu-Aristotle owabeka izisekelo ezijulile ngomqondo we-geocentrism, lapho uMhlaba wawubhekwa khona njengesikhungo sendawo yonke. Lo modeli kamuva walungiswa nguPtolemy ngesimiso sakhe sePtolemaic, esasiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kodwa sinembile ngokwanele ukubikezela ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi.
Ukuvuselelwa: Ukuzalwa kwe-Heliocentrism
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yathuthuka ngokushesha ngesikhathi seRenaissance. Ukutholakala kukaNicolaus Copernicus kwe-heliocentrism kwaba yingqophamlando ebalulekile. Encwadini yakhe ethi "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies), uCopernicus wathi ilanga, hhayi uMhlaba, laliyisikhungo sesimiso selanga. Lo mbono wawunezinguquko ezinkulu futhi uphikisana ngesikhathi sawo, uphikisana nemfundiso yesonto evelele.
Kamuva okutholwe nguCopernicus kwasekelwa abanye ososayensi abafana noJohannes Kepler noGalileo Galilei. UKepler, encwadini yakhe ethi "Astronomia Nova," wachaza imithetho yokuhamba kwamaplanethi, ekugcineni walungisa imodeli kaCopernicus ngokuthi imijikelezo yamaplanethi yayi-elliptical, hhayi eyindilinga. UGalileo, esebenzisa ithelesikopu yakhe, wathola ubufakazi obusekela i-heliocentrism, njengezigaba zeVenus kanye nezinyanga ezine ezinkulu zikaJupiter, ezaziwa ngokuthi amasathelayithi aseGalile.
Ikhulu le-17 nele-18: Umthetho Wemvelo kanye Namandla Adonsela Phansi
Izinto ezitholwe ngu-Isaac Newton zaqinisa kakhulu inkolelo-mbono ye-heliocentrism ngomthetho wakhe wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke. Encwadini yakhe ephawulekayo, ethi "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Izimiso Zezibalo Zefilosofi Yemvelo), uNewton wachaza imithetho emithathu yokuhamba enikeza incazelo yezibalo yokuhamba kwezinto zasezulwini. Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke wanikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi amaplanethi, izinkanyezi, nezinye izinto zasezulwini zixhumana kanjani ngamandla adonsela phansi.
Phakathi nekhulu le-18, isayensi yezinkanyezi yachuma ngokuthola okusha. Isibonelo, uWilliam Herschel wathola iplanethi i-Uranus ngo-1781 futhi wabona futhi wabala izinkulungwane zezinkanyezi nama-nebulae.
Ikhulu le-19 nelama-20: Ukutholakala Kwezinkanyezi Nokwanda Kwendawo Yonke
Ngekhulu le-19, isayensi yezinkanyezi yangena enkathini ye-spectroscopy, eyavumela ososayensi ukuthi batadishe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezinkanyezi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi kaJoseph von Fraunhofer noGustav Kirchhoff, abathola futhi bafunda imigqa ye-spectral.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-Edwin Hubble wathola into entsha mayelana nemithala. Esebenzisa itheleskopu i-Hooker eMount Wilson Observatory, uHubble wathola ukuthi i-Andromeda nebula empeleni yayiyimthala, hhayi ingxenye ye-Milky Way. Lokhu kutholwa kwashintsha ukuqonda kwethu ngobukhulu bendawo yonke, okwaba kukhulu kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.
UHubble uphinde wathola ukuthi imithala iyaqhela komunye nomunye, okwabeka isisekelo senkolelo-mbono yokwanda kwendawo yonke. Lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwenkolelo-mbono yeBig Bang, okuyiyona ncazelo eyinhloko yemvelaphi kanye nentuthuko yendawo yonke.
Ukungena Enkathini Yanamuhla: I-Radio Astronomy kanye ne-Space Telescopes
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, isayensi yezinkanyezi yomsakazo yavula izindlela ezintsha zokubuka indawo yonke. Ukutholakala kwama-pulsar nguJocelyn Bell Burnell kanye nokutholakala kwemisebe yangemuva ye-cosmic (CMB) ngu-Arno Penzias noRobert Wilson kwakungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezasekela kakhulu inkolelo-mbono ye-Big Bang.
Izinhlelo zokuhlola isibhakabhaka, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yetheleskopu yasemkhathini njengeHubble Space Telescope, eyasungulwa ngo-1990, zenze iminikelo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkanyezi zanamuhla. IHubble Space Telescope ithwebule izithombe ezimangalisayo zezinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo zasemkhathini futhi yasiza ekuphenduleni eminye yemibuzo eyisisekelo kakhulu kwezinkanyezi.
Ithiyori Yanamuhla Nekusasa Lezinkanyezi
Namuhla, ulwazi lwethu ngendawo yonke lukhula ngokushesha ngemibono emisha kanye nokubuka. Enye yezinkambu ezisebenzayo kakhulu yi-cosmology, efunda isakhiwo nomlando wendawo yonke iyonke. Ithiyori ye-Big Bang isalokhu iyithiyori eyinhloko, kodwa manje isihambisana nomqondo we-cosmic inflation, ochaza intuthuko yendawo yonke ngemva kwe-Big Bang.
Ucwaningo nge-dark matter kanye namandla amnyama nakho kuyisihloko esibalulekile. I-dark matter kulinganiselwa ukuthi yakha cishe u-27% wesisindo namandla aphelele endaweni yonke, kuyilapho i-dark energy kulinganiselwa ukuthi yakha cishe u-68%. Zombili ziseyimfihlakalo enkulu ku-astronomy kanye ne-physics, kodwa kuyaqhubeka ukubonwa okuningi kanye nokuhlolwa ukuze kuqondwe kabanzi.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi ye-Exoplanet nayo ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ngobuchwepheshe be-telescope obuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, njenge-James Webb Space Telescope ehleliwe, ososayensi banethemba lokuthola nokuhlukanisa amaplanethi amaningi ngale kwesimiso sethu selanga. Lokhu ngeke nje kunikeze ukuqonda okukhulu ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlelo zamaplanethi kodwa futhi kuzohlinzeka namathuba okuphila kwangaphandle komhlaba.
Isiphetho
Isayensi yezinkanyezi iye yathuthuka ngendlela emangalisayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya enkathini yanamuhla. Kusukela kumodeli ye-geocentric kuya kumodeli ye-heliocentric, kusukela emthethweni wamandla adonsela phansi kuya kumbono we-Big Bang, isigaba ngasinye emlandweni wesayensi yezinkanyezi sisisondeze ekuqondeni indawo yonke enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi. Ngobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi obuqhubekayo kanye nemibono emisha ehlala ivela, ikusasa lesayensi yezinkanyezi libukeka lithembisa kakhulu, lisiholela ekutholeni okungenzeka ukuthi asikaze sikucabange.
