Umlando Nokuthuthukiswa Kweziteleskopu
Ithelesikopu ingenye yezinsimbi zesayensi ezibaluleke kakhulu ezake zasungulwa isintu. Ngekhono layo lokukhulisa izinto ezikude, inike abantu amandla okubuka izenzakalo zemvelo ezingaphezu kwezinzwa ezivamile. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umlando wethelesikopu kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo kokuqala kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwamuva okuye kwayenza ithuluzi elinamandla kwezinkanyezi zanamuhla.
Ukuqala Kokutholakala Kwe-Telescope
Ukusungulwa kwetheleskopu kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa noGalileo Galilei, usosayensi wase-Italy owayephila ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Kodwa-ke, itheleskopu yokuqala empeleni yadalwa ngaphambilini ngumsunguli waseDashi, uHans Lippershey, ngo-1608. ULippershey wayengumenzi wemibukiso owathola ngephutha ukuthi ngokuhlela amalensi amabili ngendlela ethile, angadala umbono obonakalayo okhulisa izinto ezikude.
Lapho ezwa ngalokhu okutholiwe, uGalileo waqala ngokushesha ukwakha inguqulo yakhe yethelesikopu. Ngo-1609, waqoqa ngempumelelo ithelesikopu elula enokukhulisa cishe izikhathi ezingu-20. Ngaleli thuluzi, uGalileo wenza ukuhlola okujulile kwezinkanyezi. Wabona izintaba nezigodi ebusweni beNyanga, wathola amasathelayithi kaJupiter, manje aziwa ngokuthi izinyanga zaseGalile, futhi wabuka izigaba zeVenus. Lokhu kuhlola kwanikeza ubufakazi obuqinile benkolelo-mbono kaCopernicus ye-heliocentric, eyayithi amaplanethi, kuhlanganise noMhlaba, ajikeleza iLanga.
Intuthuko Eyengeziwe Ekhulwini Le-17 Nele-18
Ngemva kweminikelo yokuqala kaGalileo, ososayensi abaningi nabasunguli baba nesithakazelo kuma-telescope. UJohannes Kepler, isazi sezinkanyezi nesazi sezibalo saseJalimane, wathuthukisa umklamo we-telescope ngokuthuthukisa i-telescope yaseKeplerian cishe ngo-1611. Lo mklamo wasebenzisa amalensi amabili aqondile, okwenza isithombe esicacile nesibanzi kune-telescope kaGalileo.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-17, u-Isaac Newton, usosayensi waseNgilandi odumile ngemithetho yakhe yokunyakaza kanye namandla adonsela phansi, wakha ithelesikopu yokuqala ebonakalisa ukukhanya. Le telesikopu yayisebenzisa isibuko esigobile ukugxila ekukhanyeni, kunokuba igxile ilensi. Inzuzo enkulu yethelesikopu yaseNewtonian kwakuyikhono layo lokugwema inkinga yokuphambuka kwe-chromatic, okwakunzima ukuyinqoba ngamalensi.
Ngekhulu le-18, amateleskopu athuthuke kakhulu. UWilliam Herschel, isazi sezinkanyezi saseBrithani esizalelwe eJalimane, wasebenzisa iteleskopu ekhanyayo ukuthola iplanethi i-Uranus ngo-1781. Lokhu kwaba ukutholwa kokuqala kwamaplanethi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi kwandisa imingcele eyaziwayo yesimiso selanga.
Ikhulu le-19: Ukunemba Okuthuthukisiwe kanye nosayizi
Ikhulu le-19 labona intuthuko enkulu ekwakhiweni kwetheleskopu. Enye yamatheleskopu amakhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo kwakuyiLeviathan yaseParsonstown, eyakhiwa nguWilliam Parsons, i-Earl yesithathu yaseRosse, e-Ireland. Yayinesibuko esibonakalisayo esingamamitha angu-1,8 ububanzi, okwenza kwaba yitheleskopu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amalensi nabo benze intuthuko enkulu. I-Alvan Clark & Sons, inkampani yaseMelika, yaduma ngomsebenzi wayo wokudala amalensi okukhanya anembile kakhulu. Ngo-1877, bahlanganisa ilensi ye-Lick Observatory eCalifornia, eyaba ilensi enkulu kunazo zonke yesibonakude ngaleso sikhathi, enobubanzi belensi obungamasentimitha angu-91.
Ama-Telescope Anamuhla Ekhulwini Lama-20
Lapho ingena ekhulwini lama-20, amateleskopu athola izinto ezintsha ezishintsha kakhulu. Itheleskopu enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zakhiwa kwakuyiHooker Telescope eMount Wilson Observatory, eCalifornia. Njengoba inesibuko esingamamitha angu-2,5 ububanzi, le teleskopu yadlala indima ebalulekile ekutholeni kuka-Edwin Hubble ubukhulu bendawo yonke kanye nombono wakhe wokwanda kwendawo yonke.
Nokho, ushintsho olukhulu kubuchwepheshe beteleskopu ngekhulu lama-20 lwalusukela kumateleskopu abonakalayo kuya kumateleskopu omsakazo. Ngo-1937, uGrote Reber, isazi somsakazo saseMelika, wahlanganisa iteleskopu yokuqala yomsakazo egcekeni lakhe. Le teleskopu yabamba amaza omsakazo emkhathini, yavula indlela entsha yokubuka indawo yonke. Ngawo-1960, i-Arecibo Observatory ePuerto Rico—ene-antenna yayo ye-parabolic engamamitha angu-305 ububanzi—yaba yiteleskopu yomsakazo enkulu kunazo zonke futhi yanikela ekutholakaleni okuningi, okuhlanganisa ama-pulsar kanye nokuqonda okuthuthukisiwe kwesakhiwo segalactic.
I-Telescope Yesikhala
Enye yentuthuko enkulu kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe beteleskopu kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwamateleskopu asemkhathini. Amateleskopu asemkhathini aqeda ukuphazamiseka komkhathi woMhlaba, okungasitha ukubuka futhi kuphazamise ukukhanya. I-Hubble Space Telescope (HST), eyasungulwa ngo-1990, ingenye yamateleskopu asemkhathini adumile futhi aphumelelayo kakhulu. Ngesibuko sayo esingamamitha angu-2,4 ububanzi kanye nemishini eyinkimbinkimbi, i-HST ikhiqize izithombe ezibukhali zemithala ekude, ama-nebulae, nezinye izinto ezenzeka endaweni yonke.
Impumelelo kaHubble yaphefumulela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izibonakude zasemkhathini, njengeChandra X-ray Observatory eyasungulwa ngo-1999 kanye neJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST) eyayihlelelwe ukwethulwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2021. I-JWST iyisibonakude sasemkhathini esiyinkimbinkimbi esinesibuko esiyinhloko esingamamitha angu-6,5 ububanzi, esivumela ukubuka kwe-infrared okunezinqumo eziphezulu, okuzokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ngemvelaphi yemithala, izinkanyezi, namaplanethi.
I-Telescope Yesikhathi Esizayo
Ubuchwepheshe beTelescope buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Ososayensi nonjiniyela okwamanje basebenza kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene amakhulu, okuhlanganisa neTelescope Enkulu Kakhulu (ELT), ekhiwa yi-European Southern Observatory njengamanje. I-ELT izoba nesibuko esiyinhloko esingamamitha angu-39,3 ububanzi futhi izoba yitheleskopu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Njengoba inesisombululo sayo esiyingqayizivele kanye nokuzwela, i-ELT kulindeleke ukuthi iphendule imibuzo eminingi ejulile mayelana nendawo yonke, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lwamandla amnyama kanye nokufuna ukuphila ngale koMhlaba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amateleskopu asekelwe ku-interferometry njenge-Very Large Array (VLA) kanye ne-Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) avule ama-horizons amasha ku-astronomy. La mateleskopu asebenzisa ama-antenna amaningi asebenza ndawonye njengeyunithi eyodwa ukukhiqiza izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu kakhulu. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ukubonwa okuningiliziwe kwesakhiwo sendawo yonke ekude kanye nama-exoplanet amafushane.
Isiphetho
Kusukela ekusungulweni okulula ngumenzi wezibuko zamehlo waseDashi kuya kusibonakude esiyinkimbinkimbi esizungeza uMhlaba, umlando wesibonakude uyindaba yentuthuko emangalisayo kwezobuchwepheshe. Intuthuko ngayinye ekuklanyweni kwesibonakude kanye namasu okukhiqiza ivule iminyango emisha ekuqondeni kwethu indawo yonke. Njengoba kuqhubeka amaphrojekthi amakhulu, ikusasa lamasibonakude lithembisa ukutholwa okuningi okumangalisayo okuzoqhubeka nokuphefumulela nokujulisa umuzwa wethu wokumangala ngobukhulu bendawo yonke.
