Incazelo Yamaplanethi Amakhulu Egesi
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi angenye yamaplanethi athakazelisa kakhulu ohlelweni lwelanga nangale kwawo. Akhulu kakhulu, alawulwa yigesi, futhi anezimo ezijiyile ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Ohlelweni lwelanga, ama-giant egesi ajwayelekile kakhulu yiJupiter neSaturn, kuyilapho i-Uranus neNeptune zivame ukuhlanganiswa zibe yisigaba esifanayo—yize zibizwa ngokunembile ngokuthi “ama-giant eqhwa” ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo okuhlukile. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuthi ayini amaplanethi amakhulu egesi, izici zawo, izinqubo akhiwa ngazo, isakhiwo sawo sangaphakathi, izimo, amasongo namasathelayithi, kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ekuqondeni ukuvela kwezinhlelo zamaplanethi.
Iyini iplanethi enkulu yegesi?
Ngokuvamile, amaplanethi amakhulu egesi angamaplanethi amakhulu kakhulu akhiwe ngokuyinhloko yi-hydrogen ne-helium, izinto ezimbili ezilula kakhulu neziningi kakhulu endaweni yonke. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okunegesi kakhulu, la maplanethi awanawo "ubuso obuqinile" njengoMhlaba, iMars, noma iMercury. Uma i-probe "ifika" eplanethini enkulu yegesi, ngeke ithole indawo yokuma kuyo, kodwa kunalokho izoqhubeka yehlela ezingqimbeni ezixinene kakhulu zomkhathi kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni ibhujiswa yingcindezi nokushisa okukhulu.
Esimisweni selanga, iJupiter iyisibonelo esisobala kakhulu seplanethi enkulu yegesi, ilandelwa yiSaturn. Zombili zinesisindo esikhulu, amandla adonsela phansi anamandla, kanye nomoya ojiyile kakhulu. Okwamanje, i-Uranus neNeptune zisesigabeni esifanayo kodwa ziqukethe izinto ezisindayo kakhulu njengamanzi, i-ammonia, ne-methane ngesimo "seqhwa" ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu, ngakho-ke zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaqhwa amakhulu.
Izici eziyinhloko zamaplanethi amakhulu egesi
Kunezici eziningana ezenza amaplanethi amakhulu egesi ahluke kumaplanethi asemhlabeni:
1. Usayizi omkhulu kanye nobunzima
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi angaba ububanzi obusukela emashumini ezinkulungwane kuya emakhilomitha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Isibonelo, iJupiter inobubanzi obuphindwe cishe izikhathi eziyi-11 kunoMhlaba. Ubukhulu bayo bukhulu ngokwanele ukuba nethonya elikhulu lamandla adonsela phansi kwezinye izinto ohlelweni lwelanga.
2. Umkhathi ojiyile kanye nokubusa kwe-hydrogen-helium
Ukwakheka komkhathi walo kuphethwe yi-hydrogen ne-helium, kanye nezinye izinto ezifana ne-methane, i-ammonia, umhwamuko wamanzi, kanye ne-hydrogen sulfide ezakha amaphethini amafu nombala weplanethi.
3. Ukujikeleza okusheshayo kanye nesimo esigobile
Amaplanethi amaningi amakhulu egesi ajikeleza ngokushesha okukhulu. I-Jupiter ijikeleza cishe kanye emahoreni ayi-10. Lokhu kujikeleza okusheshayo kubangela ukuthi iplanethi ibe yisicaba ezinsikeni futhi ivuvuke enkabazwe.
4. Insimu enamandla kazibuthe
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi avame ukuba nama-magnetospheres amakhulu. I-magnetosphere kaJupiter, isibonelo, iyona enkulu kunazo zonke ohlelweni lwelanga futhi ingathonya izinhlayiya ezishajelwe ezivela eLangeni.
5. Amasathelayithi amaningi kanye nezinhlelo zokukhala
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi ngokuvamile anezinyanga eziningi. I-Jupiter inamasathelayithi amaningi, okuhlanganisa nezinyanga ezine ezinkulu (i-Io, i-Europa, i-Ganymede, ne-Callisto). I-Saturn idume ngohlelo lwayo olukhulu noluhle lwendandatho.
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi akheka kanjani?
Ithiyori evame kakhulu yokwakheka kwamaplanethi ichaza ukuthi amaplanethi akha ngediski yegesi nothuli oluzungeze inkanyezi encane, ebizwa ngokuthi idiski yeprotoplanetary. Kunezimo ezimbili ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo zokwakheka kwamaplanethi amakhulu egesi:
1. Imodeli yokukhula kwe-core
Kulo modeli, kwakheka umnyombo oqinile wedwala neqhwa elinobunzima obukhulu kuqala. Uma umnyombo ufinyelela ubuningi obuthile, uqala ukuheha inani elikhulu legesi ye-hydrogen ne-helium evela kudiski ezungezile. Lo modeli ubhekwa njengofanele ukuchaza ukwakheka kweJupiter neSaturn, yize kusasele imibuzo mayelana nokuthi le nqubo yenzeka ngokushesha kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba igesi ekudiski ilahleke.
2. Imodeli yokungazinzi kwediski
Kulesi simo, izingxenye zediski ye-protoplanetary zithola ukungazinzi kwamandla adonsela phansi bese ziwela ngqo eziqwini ezinkulu eziba amaplanethi. Le nqubo ingenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuba khona kwamaplanethi amakhulu akha kude nezinkanyezi zawo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi indawo yonke ayisebenzisi indlela eyodwa; ukwakheka kwamaplanethi kungahluka kuye ngezimo zediski, ibanga ukusuka enkanyezini, kanye nesikhathi esitholakalayo.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi: kusukela efwini kuya enkabeni
Nakuba zibonakala “ziyigesi nje,” amaplanethi amakhulu egesi anezakhiwo zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ingqimba yawo engaphandle iyisimo sezulu esinezingqimba zamafu. Njengoba ujula, ingcindezi iyanda kakhulu. I-hydrogen, eyayiyigesi ekuqaleni, ishintsha ibe uketshezi, futhi ekujuleni okuthile, ingaguquka ibe yi-hydrogen yensimbi, isigaba se-hydrogen esingaqhuba ugesi njengensimbi. Le hydrogen yensimbi kukholakala ukuthi idlala indima enkulu ekukhiqizeni insimu enamandla kazibuthe yeJupiter.
Ezindaweni zawo eziyinhloko, amaplanethi amakhulu egesi kucatshangwa ukuthi anezingqimba eziminyene, yize ukwakheka nobukhulu bawo kusaphenywa. Lawa ma-core cishe akhiwe ngamatshe aqinile, iqhwa, nezinye izinto ezisindayo. Kodwa-ke, umngcele phakathi komongo kanye nezendlalelo eziphezu kwawo awucaci ngaso sonke isikhathi; ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu, izinto zingaxubana, zidale ukuguquka "okungacacile" kakhulu kunamaplanethi asemhlabeni.
Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu
Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngamaplanethi amakhulu egesi yizinto ezenzeka emoyeni. Ngenxa yokuthi awanawo umphezulu oqinile, imimoya yawo ingakha izinhlelo zesiphepho ezinkulu nezihlala isikhathi eside. Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu yiJupiter's Great Red Spot, isiphepho esikhulu esiye sabonwa amakhulu eminyaka. Lesi siphepho sasisikhulu kunoMhlaba, yize sibonakale sincipha emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.
Nge-Saturn, iziphepho zesizini nazo zingaba khona ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Okwamanje, i-Uranus ne-Neptune zibonisa imimoya enamandla kakhulu; i-Neptune yaziwa ngisho nangemimoya yayo engafinyelela izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngehora. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-Uranus ne-Neptune ubangelwa kakhulu yi-methane esemkhathini wazo, emunca ukukhanya okubomvu futhi ibonise ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Amasongo namasathelayithi: izinhlelo ezincane ezizungeze amaplanethi
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi avame ukuba "isikhungo" sezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezindandatho nezinyanga eziningi. I-Saturn iyiplanethi eyinhloko yendandatho, kodwa i-Jupiter, i-Uranus, ne-Neptune nazo zinezindandatho, yize zincane futhi zimnyama. Izindandatho ngokuvamile zakhiwe yizinhlayiya zeqhwa namadwala ezisukela othulini oluncane kuya ezingcezu ezinkulu.
Izinyanga zamaplanethi amakhulu egesi nazo zinezinto eziningi ezimangazayo. I-Europa (inyanga kaJupiter) kucatshangwa ukuthi inolwandle olungaphansi komhlaba olungasekela impilo yamagciwane. I-Titan (inyanga kaSaturn) inomoya ojiyile namachibi e-methane-ethane ewuketshezi. I-Enceladus (iSaturn) ikhipha ama-geysers eqhwa, okuphakamisa umsebenzi wangaphakathi kanye nolwandle olungaphansi komhlaba olungaba khona. Lokhu okutholakele kwenza ucwaningo lwamaplanethi amakhulu egesi lungagcini nje ngamaplanethi ngokwawo, kodwa futhi "nangemihlaba emincane" ewazungezayo.
Indima yamaplanethi amakhulu egesi ohlelweni lwelanga
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi adlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwesimiso selanga. Amandla adonsela phansi eJupiter, isibonelo, angathonya imijikelezo yama-asteroid nama-comet. Kucatshangwa ukuthi iJupiter isebenza "njengesihlangu," inciphisa inani lezinto zasezulwini ezishayisana namaplanethi angaphakathi, kodwa futhi kuphikiswana ngokuthi iJupiter ingaphazamisa imijikelezo yezinto ezincane, ithumele ezinye kumaplanethi asemhlabeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini indima yazo, kusobala ukuthi amaplanethi amakhulu egesi abumbe ukwakheka kwesimiso selanga selokhu sasungulwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufunda amaplanethi amakhulu egesi kusiza ososayensi baqonde imimoya yabo kanye nezindlela zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, i-physics yezinto ezicindezeleke kakhulu, kanye nokwakheka kwamaplanethi ngokujwayelekile. Njengoba izazi zezinkanyezi zithola amaplanethi amaningi amakhulu angaphandle kwesimiso sethu selanga—kufaka phakathi “amaJupiter ashisayo” azungeza eduze kakhulu nezinkanyezi zawo—ukuqhathaniswa neJupiter neSaturn kuba yisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlelo zamaplanethi.
Isiphetho
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi ayimihlaba emikhulu, egcwele i-hydrogen ne-helium enezimo ezijiyile, isimo sezulu esimangalisayo, amasimu anamandla kazibuthe, kanye nezinhlelo zesathelayithi nezindandatho eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwakheka kwawo kuhilela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kumadiski e-protoplanetary, futhi izakhiwo zawo zangaphakathi zibonisa i-physics eyeqisayo okunzima ukuyikopisha eMhlabeni. Ngokubuka ngama-telescope kanye nemisebenzi yasemkhathini, amaplanethi amakhulu egesi ayaqhubeka nokunikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nemvelaphi yesimiso selanga nokuthi amaplanethi kulo lonke i-galaxy kungenzeka ukuthi akheka futhi aguquka kanjani. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqonda amaplanethi amakhulu egesi akukhona nje ukufunda i-Jupiter noma i-Saturn; kuvula ifasitela elikhulu lokusebenza kwendawo yonke.
