Amasimu Kamagnetic Eplanethi Nethonya Lawo
Insimu yamagnetic yeplanethi ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yomhlaba kanye nezinkanyezi, kodwa ivame ukunganakwa empilweni yansuku zonke. Ayibonakali futhi ayizwakali, kodwa idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni iplanethi, ithonya umoya wayo, iqondise izinhlayiya ezishajiwe, futhi inquma ukuthi iplanethi inamandla okusekela ukuphila. KuMhlaba, insimu yamagnetic isebenza "njengesihlangu" semvelo esisiza ukugcina indawo ezinzile. Kwamanye amaplanethi, ukuhlukahluka kwamandla nesimo sensimu yamagnetic kunikeza izinkomba mayelana nesakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi, umlando we-geological, kanye nokusebenzisana nenkanyezi ephethe.
Iyini insimu yamagnetic yeplanethi?
Kalula nje, insimu yamagnetic yeplanethi yindawo ezungeze iplanethi ethintwa amandla amagnetic. Le nsimu ingabonakaliswa ngemigqa yamandla amagnetic, eMhlabeni, efana cishe nephethini yamagnethi ebha: ephuma kwelinye ipholi bese ingena kwelinye. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, ukuma kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuthonywa ukujikeleza kweplanethi, ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwayo, kanye nokucindezela okuvela emoyeni welanga (umfudlana wezinhlayiya ezishajayo ezivela eLangeni).
Insimu yamagnetic ayiyona nje ikhampasi. "Iwuhlelo" oluguquguqukayo—ingabuthakathaka, iqinise, ishintshe, futhi ibhekane nokuguqulwa kwezigxobo ngenxa yezikhathi zejiyoloji. Ukuqonda insimu yamagnetic kubalulekile ngoba isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezinqubo ezingaphakathi kweplanethi nendawo ezungezile yesikhala.
Amasimu kazibuthe eplanethi akheka kanjani?
Amaplanethi amaningi akhiqiza amasimu kazibuthe ngokusebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-planetary dynamo. I-dynamo yenzeka uma kukhona:
1. Izinto ezihambisa ugesi (isib. insimbi encibilikisiwe noma i-hydrogen yensimbi),
2. Ukunyakaza koketshezi ngaphakathi kweplanethi (ukuguquguquka kwezakhi zofuzo),
3. Ukujikeleza kweplanethi kusiza ekulawuleni amaphethini okugeleza.
EMhlabeni, i-dynamo eyinhloko ihlala engxenyeni yangaphandle ewuketshezi, egcwele insimbi ne-nickel. Umehluko ekushiseni nasekubunjweni kwawo uqhuba imisinga ye-convection, kuyilapho ukujikeleza koMhlaba kusiza ekukhiqizeni imisinga kagesi emikhulu. Le misinga kagesi ibe isikhiqiza insimu yamagnetic.
Nokho, akuwona wonke amaplanethi anama-dynamos asebenzayo. Uma ingaphakathi leplanethi liqandisiwe, uma kungekho ukujikeleza okwanele, noma uma ukujikeleza kwalo kuhamba kancane kakhulu, insimu yamagnetic ingaba buthakathaka kakhulu noma icishe ingabi khona.
Insimu yamagnetic yomhlaba: isihlangu esivikela ukuphila
Enye yezindima eziyinhloko zensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba ukwakha i-magnetosphere, "ibhamuza" elivikelayo elivimba izinhlayiya eziningi ezinamandla aphezulu ezivela eLangeni nasemisebeni ye-cosmic. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuvikelwa, umkhathi ubungaguguleka ngokushesha, futhi ubuso beplanethi buzothola amazinga aphezulu emisebe.
I-magnetosphere igwema umoya welanga, kodwa ukusebenzisana kwazo nakho kuveza izenzakalo ezahlukahlukene. Esinye sezidume kakhulu yi-aurora (izibani zasenyakatho/zaseningizimu). Ama-Aurora ayenzeka lapho izinhlayiya ezishajiwe ziqondiswa yimigqa yamagnetic field eya ezigxotsheni, lapho zishayisana khona nama-molecule asemkhathini, zikhipha ukukhanya. Lesi simo sihle, kodwa futhi sibonisa umsebenzi wasemkhathini ongaphazamisa ubuchwepheshe.
Ithonya emkhathini kanye nesimo sezulu sendawo
Amasimu kazibuthe athonya ukuthi umoya umelana kahle kangakanani "nokuhlaselwa" kwezinhlayiya ezinamandla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaplanethi angenawo amasimu kazibuthe anamandla asengozini enkulu yokulahlekelwa umoya ngezinqubo ezinjengokubhoboza (ukukhishwa kwama-athomu ngokushayisana kwezinhlayiya ezinamandla aphezulu) kanye nokusebenzisana ngqo nomoya welanga.
Umhlaba usengalahlekelwa yisimo sawo esithile, kodwa ukuvikelwa kwe-magnetosphere kusiza ekunciphiseni izinga lokulahleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu yamagnetic nayo ithonya isimo sezulu sasemkhathini. Ngesikhathi se-coronal mass ejections (CMEs) noma iziphepho zelanga, ukuphazamiseka ku-magnetosphere kungabangela iziphepho ze-geomagnetic ezithinta:
- ukuphazamiseka kokuxhumana ngomsakazo,
– ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yokuzulazula (kufaka phakathi i-GPS),
– umonakalo wesathelayithi,
– imisinga ebangelwa yigridi yamandla (okungase kubangele ukucima kombane).
Ngamanye amazwi, amasimu kazibuthe awayona nje inkinga yesayensi, kodwa futhi ahlobene ngqo nengqalasizinda yesimanje.
Ukuguqulwa kwesigxobo sikamaginethi: usongo noma umjikelezo wemvelo?
Umhlaba ubhekane nokuguqulwa kwepole yamagnetic izikhathi eziningana emlandweni wawo wonke. Le nqubo yenzeka lapho ipole yamagnetic yasenyakatho neyaseningizimu ishintsha izindawo. Ubufakazi balokhu kuguqulwa buqoshwe emadwaleni entaba-mlilo phansi kolwandle futhi kusiza ososayensi ukuqonda ukunyakaza kwamapuleti e-tectonic.
Ukuguqulwa kwepole kuvame ukubhekwa njengokwesabisayo, kodwa ubufakazi be-geological abubonisi ukuxhumana okuqondile nokuqothulwa kwezilwane eziningi. Isimo esingenzeka kakhulu yisigaba sokuguquka lapho insimu yamagnetic iba buthaka futhi iba yisiphithiphithi, okunciphisa okwesikhashana ukuvikelwa kwayo ezinhlayiyeni ezinamandla aphezulu. Inselele enkulu kubantu banamuhla yithuba lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kobuchwepheshe uma kwenzeka isenzakalo esinjalo enkathini yama-satellite nama-grid amakhulu kagesi.
Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amaplanethi
Ukuhluka kwensimu yamagnetic kubonakala ngokucacile uma siqhathanisa amaplanethi aseSistimu Yelanga:
– I-Mercury inensimu yamagnetic ebuthakathaka kodwa ehlukile. Lokhu kuyamangaza uma ubheka ubukhulu bayo obuncane, kodwa kusikisela umongo osancibilikile kancane.
– I-Venus cishe ayinawo amandla kazibuthe omhlaba wonke. Ukujikeleza kwayo kuhamba kancane kakhulu, futhi i-dynamo yayo yangaphakathi ibonakala ingasebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhathi ongaphezulu we-Venus uxhumana ngqo nomoya welanga.
– I-Mars ayinayo insimu enamandla yamagnetic yomhlaba wonke namuhla, yize kunezinsalela zamagnetism endawo oqweqweni. Ososayensi abaningi basola ukuthi i-Mars yake yaba ne-dynamo, kodwa yaphela njengoba umongo uphola. Ukulahlekelwa ukuvikelwa kwamagnetic kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba nomthelela ekulahlekelweni komkhathi ojiyile we-Mars kanye namanzi angaphezulu esikhathini esidlule.
– I-Jupiter inensimu enamandla kakhulu yamagnetic, ekhiqizwa yi-hydrogen yensimbi engaphakathi komkhathi wayo. Le nsimu yamagnetic yakha i-magnetosphere enkulu kanye namabhande emisebe ayingozi.
– I-Saturn nayo inensimu yamagnetic enamandla futhi elinganayo, yize imininingwane yokusebenza kwayo isacwaningwa.
– I-Uranus ne-Neptune zinezinkundla zamagnetic “ezitshekile” nezingaphandle kwesikhungo, okungenzeka ukuthi zivela engqimbeni yoketshezi oluhambayo esicongweni, kunokuba zibe yingqikithi efana noMhlaba.
Lokhu kuqhathanisa kubonisa ukuthi insimu kazibuthe “iyifasitela” elingaphakathi kweplanethi—into esingenakuyibona ngqo.
Ithonya emandleni okuphila
Ekufuneni impilo ngale koMhlaba, amasimu kazibuthe avame ukuxoxwa ngawo ngoba ahlobene nokuzinza komoya kanye namazinga emisebe ebusweni. Iplanethi esendaweni okuhlalwa kuyo ingase ingabi yindawo okuhlalwa kuyo uma umoya wayo uguguleka kalula yimimoya yezinkanyezi. Insimu kazibuthe enamandla ingasiza ekugcineni umoya futhi inciphise ukuvezwa kwemisebe—izici ezimbili ezifaka isandla endaweni enomoya wokungenisa izihambi kakhulu yama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi ezinto eziphilayo kanye, okungenzeka, nokuphila.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi insimu yamagnetic akuyona yodwa edingekayo. Ukwakheka komkhathi, umsebenzi we-geological, ukuba khona kwamanzi, nezinye izinto eziningi nakho kudlala indima. Ezinye izimo zivumela ngisho nokuphila ukuthi kuphile ngaphansi komhlaba noma olwandle olungaphansi komhlaba ngisho noma kungekho nsimu yamagnetic enamandla.
Ucwaningo kanye nekusasa
Ucwaningo lwensimu yamagnetic yamaplanethi luye lwathuthuka ngokushesha ngenxa yemisebenzi yasemkhathini kanye nokubuka kwesathelayithi. Emhlabeni, inethiwekhi yezindawo zokubuka ze-geomagnetic kanye namasathelayithi iqapha izinguquko zensimu yamagnetic ukuze iqonde ukuguquguquka okuyinhloko futhi ibikezele umthelela weziphepho zelanga. Kwamanye amaplanethi, izindiza zasemkhathini ezifana nemisebenzi eya eJupiter noma ukubuka kweMars kusiza ekwakheni isithombe sokuvela kwamaplanethi kanye nemimoya yawo.
Kusukela manje, izifundo zensimu yamagnetic nazo zibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuhlola zabantu zesikhathi esizayo. Izazi zezinkanyezi ezingaphandle kokuvikelwa kwe-magnetosphere yoMhlaba zibhekene nezingozi zokwanda kwemisebe. Ukuqonda ukuthi amasimu amagnetic asebenza kanjani, kanye nokwenzeka kokudala ukuzivikela kokwenziwa emkhathini noma emakoloni, kuletha inselele enkulu yobunjiniyela.
Isiphetho
Insimu yamagnetic yeplanethi akuyona nje umqondo wefiziksi ongabonakali, kodwa iyingxenye ebalulekile ethonya ukuphepha komkhathi, ukuzinza kwemvelo, ngisho nokuhlala kwamaplanethi. EMhlabeni, iyasiza ekuvimbeleni umoya welanga futhi inciphise izingozi zomsebe, yize ingase ibe nomthelela ngeziphepho ze-geomagnetic. Kwamanye amaplanethi, umehluko kumasimu amagnetic unikeza izinkomba mayelana nesakhiwo sawo sangaphakathi, umlando wokushisa, kanye nesiphetho semimoya yawo. Ukufunda amasimu amagnetic kusho ukuqonda ukuthi amaplanethi asebenza kanjani njengohlelo lonke—kusukela ezingxenyeni zawo ezingaphakathi kuya endaweni ezungezile.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe: inguqulo yabafundi besikole samabanga aphakathi/esikoleni samabanga aphezulu, inguqulo yesayensi enezinkomba, noma enezithombe/amacebo alula kanye nezinye izihlokwana.
