Indlela Yokubala Ijubane Lokukhanya: Izindlela Nomlando Esifundweni Sefiziksi
Ijubane lokukhanya lingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo ku-physics, enenani elingamamitha angu-299.792.458 ngomzuzwana endaweni engenamuntu. Ukuqonda ijubane lokukhanya kuvule imiqondo emisha kwezesayensi, ushintsho olubonakalayo ekuqondeni kwethu indawo yonke, kanye nobuchwepheshe besimanje esibujabulelayo namuhla, njenge-GPS kanye nokuxhumana ngesathelayithi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngendlela yokubala ijubane lokukhanya, kanye nomlando kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswe emakhulwini eminyaka ukuze kufezwe lokho.
Umlando Wokulinganisa Isivinini Sokukhanya
Imicabango Yokuqala
Imibono ngokukhanya ibilokhu ikhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Aristotle waphikisana ngokuthi ukukhanya kuhamba ngesivinini esingenamkhawulo. Kodwa-ke, lo mqondo waqala ukuphikiswa ngekhulu le-17. U-Ole Rømer, isazi sezinkanyezi saseDenmark, wayengowokuqala ukwenza izilinganiso ezisekela umqondo wokuthi ukukhanya kunesivinini esilinganiselwe.
U-Ole Rømer kanye ne-Orbit ka-Io (1676)
URømer wasebenzisa ukubonwa kokufiphala kwelanga kwenyanga kaJupiter i-Io. Waphawula ukuthi isikhawu esiphakathi kokufiphala kwelanga siyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi uMhlaba ukuphi lapho ujikeleza khona. Njengoba uMhlaba usondela kuJupiter, izikhawu zaba zifushane, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, njengoba uMhlaba usuka kuJupiter, izikhawu zaba zinde. Kusukela kulokhu okubonwe, uRømer waphetha ngokuthi ukukhanya kuthatha isikhathi eside ukufika eMhlabeni uma kukude. Le ndlela yanikeza inani elilinganiselwe lesivinini sokukhanya esingamamitha angaba ngu-220.000.000 ngomzuzwana, okuyinto, yize ihlukile enanini elinembile esilaziyo namuhla, eyayiyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile.
I-Fizeau kanye Nendlela Yokujikeleza Izibuko (1849)
Izilinganiso eziningi zesimanje nezinembile zesivinini sokukhanya zaqalwa nguFizeau. UFizeau wadala ucwaningo oluhilela isibuko esijikelezayo kanye nomsebe wokukhanya okhanyayo. Wakhipha umsebe wokukhanya owadlula esondweni elijikelezayo elinamazinyo, elalibe seliwubonakalisa ngesibuko ngebanga elithile. Lapho isondo lijikeleza ngesivinini esikhulu ngokwanele, ukukhanya okukhanyayo kwakudlula ezimbotsheni ezahlukene esondweni elinamazinyo lapho libuya. Kusukela kulokhu kulungiswa, uFizeau wakwazi ukubala isivinini sokukhanya, esasicishe sibe ngamamitha angu-313.000.000 ngomzuzwana.
UMichelson kanye ne-Interferometer (1879-1930)
U-Albert A. Michelson wathuthukisa indlela kaFizeau futhi wanikeza izilinganiso ezinembile kakhulu esebenzisa i-interferometer. UMichelson wadlula umsebe wokukhanya ochungechungeni lwamalensi nezibuko ezaziwujikijela emuva naphambili ngaphambi kokuba ubuyele endaweni yawo yokuqala. Ngokulinganisa isikhathi okwathatha ukukhanya ukwenza lolu hambo, uMichelson wakwazi ukunikeza isilinganiso esinembile sejubane lokukhanya. Lokhu kuhlola kwaveza inani elingaba amamitha angu-299.796.000 ngomzuzwana.
Izindlela Zanamuhla Zokubala Isivinini Sokukhanya
Ukulinganisa Ukusebenzisa I-Laser
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe be-laser inyuse ukunemba kokulinganisa isivinini sokukhanya okwakungatholakali ngaphambili. Ama-laser akhipha ukukhanya okuqondile, okuvumela ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa i-laser ukudlulisa isignali nge-optical fiber enwetshiwe ebangeni elilinganisekayo. Isikhathi esithathwa yi-laser ukuze isignali ihambe nge-fiber sisetshenziselwa ukubala isivinini sokukhanya.
Isikhathi sendiza (ToF)
Izindlela ze-Time-of-Flight (ToF) zivame ukusetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe be-lidar (Ukuthola Ukukhanya Nokulinganisa) kanye nezinzwa zokujula. Lezi zinhlelo zikhipha ukushaya kokukhanya futhi zilinganise isikhathi esithathayo ukuze kubuye emuva kusuka entweni eqondiwe. Kusetshenziswa izimiso eziyisisekelo zesikhathi sokuhamba kanye nebanga, isivinini sokukhanya singabalwa ngokunemba okuphezulu.
I-Optical Resonator
Ukubala ijubane lokukhanya kungenziwa futhi kusetshenziswa i-optical resonator. Lolu hlelo lwe-resonator lusebenzisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-optical okwenzeka ebangeni elithile. Ngokubala imvamisa ye-resonant yesistimu kanye nobude be-wavelength yokukhanya endaweni ethile, singabala ijubane lokukhanya.
Ithonya Nokusetshenziswa
Ukuhlobana kanye nenkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein
Ukuqonda okujulile ngejubane lokukhanya kube nomthelela omkhulu ku-physics, ikakhulukazi inkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein yokuhlobana kwezinto. I-Special Theory of Relativity, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1905, ithi ijubane lokukhanya liwumkhawulo wejubane eliphezulu endaweni yonke. Lokhu kuphumela ezimweni ezifana nokwanda kwesikhathi kanye nokuncipha kobude njengoba ijubane lokukhanya lisondela.
Ubuchwepheshe be-GPS
I-Global Positioning System (GPS) isebenzisa isivinini sokukhanya ukuze inqume indawo eqondile eMhlabeni. Amasathelayithi e-GPS adlulisa izimpawu ezitholwa ngabamukeli ebusweni boMhlaba, besebenzisa isikhathi esithathwayo ukuze isignali ihambe njengesisekelo sokubala ibanga.
Ukuxhumana kanye ne-inthanethi
Imicu ye-optical esetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana anamuhla idlulisela izimpawu kusetshenziswa isimiso sejubane lokukhanya. Ulwazi lungathuthwa ngesivinini esisondela enanini elingaguquki c, okuhlinzeka ngamakhono okudlulisa idatha asheshayo nathembekile.
Isiphetho
Ukubala ijubane lokukhanya kube ngenye yezinto ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni wesayensi. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kukaRømer kuya kubuchwepheshe besimanje be-laser kanye ne-optical resonator, ulwazi ngejubane lokukhanya luye lwathuthuka futhi lwaba nomthelela omkhulu ezicini eziningi zokuphila kanye nobuchwepheshe. Ijubane lalo eliqhubekayo alinikezi nje isisekelo semfundiso yesimanje yemvelo kodwa futhi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo ezibumba umhlaba wedijithali wanamuhla. Ukuqonda ukuthi singabala kanjani ijubane lokukhanya akusisizi nje kuphela ukuqonda indawo yonke kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obenza umhlaba wethu uxhumeke kakhudlwana.
