Indlela Yokuthola Inkathi Yendawo Yonke
Umbuzo weminyaka yendawo yonke ungomunye wemibalo eyisisekelo kakhulu kwi-cosmology, igatsha lezinkanyezi elifunda imvelaphi kanye nokuvela kwendawo yonke. Ukwazi iminyaka yendawo yonke kusisiza siqonde ukuthi sesihambe ibanga elingakanani futhi kusinikeza umongo wokuqonda ezinye izinto zasemkhathini. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ososayensi bezinkanyezi ukuthola iminyaka yendawo yonke, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwemisebe yangemuva yendawo yonke, ukuhlaziywa kwemithala nezinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu, kanye namamodeli emfundiso.
Imisebe Yesizinda Se-Cosmic Microwave
Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokunquma ubudala bendawo yonke iwukubuka i-Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB). I-CMB “iyinsalela” yemisebe eyasala lapho indawo yonke yayiseminyakeni engaba ngu-380,000 ngemva kwe-Big Bang. Ngalesi sikhathi, indawo yonke yayipholile ngokwanele ukuba ama-proton nama-electron ahlangane abe ama-athomu e-hydrogen, okuvumela ama-photon—izinhlayiya zokukhanya—ukuba ahambe ngokukhululeka.
Ukutholakala kwe-CMB ngu-Arno Penzias noRobert Wilson ngo-1965 kwakuyingqophamlando ebalulekile kwi-cosmology yanamuhla. Ukubonwa kwale misebe ngamathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi njenge-WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) kanye nama-satellite e-Planck kunikeze imininingwane enembile ngokuphawulekayo mayelana nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuncane ku-CMB. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kukhombisa ubuningi bezinto endaweni yonke yakuqala futhi kuholele ososayensi kumamodeli anembe kakhulu okusatshalaliswa kwezinto namandla endaweni yonke.
Ngokubuka i-CMB, singathola isithombe sendawo yonke encane kakhulu. Sisebenzisa imodeli ye-Big Bang kanye nezilinganiso zemvelo ezifana nesivinini sokukhanya kanye nezilinganiso ze-Hubble, singabheka emuva ukuze silinganisele ubudala bendawo yonke. Ngesikhathi sokubhala lokhu, ukubuka kwe-CMB kubonisa ukuthi indawo yonke ineminyaka engaba yizigidigidi eziyi-13.8 ubudala.
Izinkanyezi namaQembu Embulunga Yonke
Ukuhlaziya izinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu emthaleni wethu kungenye indlela yokunquma ubudala bendawo yonke. Amaqoqo ezinkanyezi ayiqoqo eliminyene, eliboshwe ngamandla adonsela phansi lezinkanyezi zasendulo. Ngokutadisha izinkanyezi eziqoqweni zezinkanyezi, singathola ukuqonda ngezikhathi zangaphambili zendawo yonke.
Izinkanyezi ziyavela ngomjikelezo wokuphila oqondakala kahle, ziqala efwini legesi nothuli, zikhule zibe yinkanyezi evuthayo, i-hydrogen evuthayo, bese ekugcineni zifa. Besebenzisa amamodeli okuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinkanyezi, izazi zezinkanyezi zingalinganisa iminyaka yezinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu kumaqoqo e-globular. Iningi lala maqoqo liphakathi kweminyaka eyizigidigidi eziyi-11 ne-14 ubudala, okusekela isilinganiso se-CMB sobudala bendawo yonke.
Ukulinganiswa kwe-Hubble Constant
I-Hubble constant (H0) ilinganisa izinga lokunwebeka kwendawo yonke. Lokhu kufezwa ngokubuka izinto ezikude, njenge-type Ia supernovae kanye ne-Cepheid variables. I-Type Ia supernovae inokukhanya okujwayelekile okungasetshenziswa ukukala amabanga e-cosmic, kanti izinkanyezi eziguquguqukayo ze-Cepheid zinobudlelwano obuhle phakathi kwesikhathi sazo sokukhanya kanye nokukhanya kwazo.
Uma silinganisa amabanga alezi zinto futhi sizihlanganisa nokubona ukushintshashintsha kwazo okubomvu—okwenzeka ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo yonke—ososayensi bangakwazi ukubala i-Hubble constant. Sisebenzisa le constant, singabuyisela emuva ku-time zero (i-Big Bang) ukuze sithole ubudala bendawo yonke. Nakuba izindlela ezahlukene ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza amanani ahlukile kancane e-H0, lokhu kulinganisa kuyisihluthulelo sokunquma iminyaka yendawo yonke.
Amamodeli Ethiyori kanye Nokulingisa Kwendawo Yonke
Izindlela zethiyori nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ubudala bendawo yonke. Imodeli ejwayelekile ye-cosmology, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Lambda-CDM (i-Lambda Cold Dark Matter), ichaza indawo yonke eyakhiwe cishe amandla amnyama angu-68%, izinto ezimnyama ezingu-27%, kanye nezinto ezivamile ezingu-5%. Kulo modeli, i-Lambda ibhekisela ku-cosmological constant ehlotshaniswa namandla amnyama, okubangela ukwanda okusheshayo.
Ukulingisa indawo yonke kusebenzisa ama-supercomputer ukulingisa ukuvela kwendawo yonke kusukela ezimweni zokuqala ze-Big Bang kuya ezakhiweni ezinkulu ezifana nemithala namaqoqo emithala esiwabonayo namuhla. Ngokufanisa lokhu kuvela kwendawo yonke kanye nokuqhathanisa izibikezelo nokubuka kwezinkanyezi, singathola imikhawulo enembile kakhulu yobudala bendawo yonke. I-Lambda-CDM okwamanje isekela isiphetho sokuthi indawo yonke ineminyaka engaba yizigidigidi eziyi-13.8 ubudala.
Imithala kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu
Ukubuka ubukhulu kanye nobudala bemithala nakho kunikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nobudala bendawo yonke. Isibonelo, izazi zezinkanyezi zingalinganisa ukushintshashintsha okubomvu kwemithala ekude, okubavumela ukuthi bathole ukuthi isuka ngokushesha kangakanani kithi. Sisebenzisa le ndlela, singabona imithala eyakheka ngokushesha ngemva kweBig Bang—cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-400 kuya kwezingu-700 ngemva kwalokho.
Amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwemithala emikhulu nawo aholela ekubonweni ngokujula kwendawo yonke. Lokhu kubonwa kwenziwa ngamaphrojekthi afana ne-Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), edweba izikhundla ezilinganayo ezintathu zezigidi zemithala, okusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuvela kwezakhiwo ezinkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le datha isetshenziswa ngamamodeli enkolelo-mbono ukubala ubudala bendawo yonke ngokuvumelana nezinye izindlela.
Isiphetho
Uma zihlanganiswa, izindlela zesayensi ezahlukahlukene—kokubili ukubuka okuqondile kanye namamodeli emfundiso—zakha isithombe esiphelele sobudala bendawo yonke. Ukunquma ubudala bendawo yonke akuyona nje indaba yokubala iminyaka, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ukuthi indawo yonke yavela kanjani esimweni sayo sokuqala esishisayo kakhulu nesinzima kuya esakhiweni esiyinkimbinkimbi nesinkulu esisibona namuhla. Ukuhlanganiswa kokubuka kwe-CMB, izinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu, izilinganiso ze-Hubble constant, kanye namamodeli emfundiso kunikeza ukuvumelana okuqinile kwesayensi kokuthi indawo yonke yethu ineminyaka engaba yizigidigidi eziyi-13.8 ubudala.
Ukunqunywa kweminyaka yendawo yonke kuwubufakazi bamandla ahlanganisiwe okubuka ngokucophelela okubonakalayo kanye nomsebenzi ojulile wemfundiso yesayensi yezinkanyezi yanamuhla. Njengoba amathuluzi amasha namasu eshintsha njalo, ikusasa lithembisa ukuqonda okunembile nokujulile emlandweni wethu wezinkanyezi.
