Indlela Isayensi Yezinkanyezi Ethinta Ngayo Ukuzulazula Kwasolwandle
Ukuzulazula olwandle kuyikhono nesayensi yokunquma indawo yomkhumbi kanye nendlela ohamba ngayo olwandle. Kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwe-GPS, i-radar, namamephu edijithali, amatilosi ayethembele emvelweni njengethuluzi lawo eliyinhloko "lokuzulazula." Phakathi kwazo zonke lezi zimpawu zemvelo—umoya, imisinga, umbala wamanzi, ngisho nokuziphatha kwezinyoni—i-astronomy inendawo ekhethekile. Isibhakabhaka asisona nje isibhakabhaka sasebusuku; siyimephu enkulu, ezinzile, efundekayo kunoma iyiphi indawo eMhlabeni. I-astronomy yakha isisekelo sokuzulazula olwandle okuvamile, okukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza zokuzulazula, izindlela zokubala isikhathi nendawo, kanye nendlela abantu abaqonda ngayo i-geography yolwandle.
Isibhakabhaka njengekhampasi: isiqondiso sezidalwa zasezulwini
Ithonya lezinkanyezi ekuzulazuleni libonakala kalula ekunqumeni isiqondiso. Izinkanyezi neLanga kunikeza amaphuzu okubhekisela ahambisanayo. ENyakatho Yenkabazwe, iPolaris (iNkanyezi YaseNyakatho) ibonakala cishe "imile" ngenxa yokusondela kwayo endundumeni yasezulwini esenyakatho. Amatilosi angalinganisa inyakatho ngokubheka iPolaris bese ethuthukisa ezinye izinkomba (empumalanga, eningizimu, entshonalanga). ENingizimu Yenkabazwe, ayikho inkanyezi eyodwa efana nePolaris, kodwa izinkanyezi ezifana neCrux (iSouthern Cross) zisiza amatilosi ukuba alinganisele endundumeni yasezulwini eseningizimu.
Emini, iLanga lisebenza njengesiqondiso emthunzini walo kanye nendawo yalo esibhakabhakeni. Njengoba iLanga lisuka empumalanga liye entshonalanga, amatilosi angasebenzisa indawo yalo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukulinganisa isiqondiso, yize le ndlela idinga ukuqonda isikhathi sendawo kanye ne-latitude. INyanga nayo iwusizo, ikakhulukazi ebusuku obucwebezelayo, yize ukunyakaza kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ukunquma i-latitude: ukuphakama kwelanga ne-Polaris
Ushintsho olukhulu ekuzulazuleni kwemikhumbi yendabuko kwakuwukukwazi ukuthola i-latitude yomkhumbi, noma indawo oya kuyo ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Isayensi yezinkanyezi yenza lokhu kwaba nokwenzeka ngokulinganisa i-engeli yokuphakama kwezinto zasezulwini ngaphezu komkhathizwe.
ENyakatho Yenkabazwe, i-latitude ingalinganiswa ngokunembe kakhulu kusukela ekuphakameni kwePolaris. Kalula nje, i-engeli yokuphakama kwePolaris ngaphezu komkhathi ilinganisa i-latitude yomqapheli. Isibonelo, uma iPolaris ibonakala ingu-20° ngaphezu komkhathizwe, itilosi licishe libe ngu-20° N (i-latitude esenyakatho). Kukhona ukulungiswa okuncane ngoba iPolaris ayikho ngqo phezu kwe-celestial pole, kodwa lo mqondo uwusizo kakhulu ekuzulazuleni ibanga elide.
Okwamanje, i-latitude ingatholakala kusukela eLangeni, ikakhulukazi emini (emini yendawo), lapho iLanga lifika endaweni yalo ephakeme kakhulu. Amatilosi alinganisa ukuphakama kweLanga esicongweni, bese esebenzisa amatafula ezinkanyezi (ama-almanac) ukuguqula le engela ibe yi-latitude. Le ndlela ibanzi kakhulu ngoba isebenza emhlabeni wonke, kodwa idinga ukubonwa okunembile nokubalwa ngokucophelela.
Inselele enkulu kunazo zonke: ukunquma i-longitude
Nakuba i-latitude ehlobene inganqunywa ngokwezinkanyezi, ukunquma i-longitude, noma indawo empumalanga-ntshonalanga, kube umsebenzi oyinselele amakhulu eminyaka. Isizathu silula: Umhlaba ujikeleza ama-360° emahoreni angama-24, ngakho-ke umehluko wesikhathi wehora elilodwa ulingana no-15° we-longitude. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kunqunywe i-longitude, amatilosi kwakudingeka azi umehluko phakathi kwesikhathi sendawo ebhodini nesikhathi ku-meridian ebhekisela kuyo (isb., iGreenwich).
Yilapho isayensi yezinkanyezi yaqala khona ukusebenza ngemigudu emibili emikhulu: indlela yokubuka isibhakabhaka ukuze "kutholakale isikhathi" kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-chronometer asolwandle anembe kakhulu.
Indlela yebanga lenyanga
Enye indlela ejwayelekile yindlela yebanga lenyanga, esebenzisa indawo yeNyanga uma iqhathaniswa nenkanyezi ethile. Ngenxa yokuthi iNyanga ihamba ngokushesha esibhakabhakeni, ibanga layo ukusuka ezinkanyezini liyashintsha kusukela ehoreni kuya ehoreni. Ngokulinganisa "ibanga eliyindilinga" leNyanga kusuka enkanyezini ethile bese beliqhathanisa nedatha kuma-almanacs ezinkanyezi, amatilosi angalinganisa isikhathi sokubhekisela (isb., iGreenwich Mean Time). Bese, ukuqhathanisa lokhu nesikhathi sendawo esinqunywe kusukela endaweni yeLanga kuveza i-longitude.
Le ndlela inzima kakhulu: izilinganiso kumele zibe zinembile, izibalo ziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izimo zezulu kumele zibe zinhle. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba amawashi anembile asemanzini atholakale kabanzi, kwakuyindlela ebalulekile yezinkanyezi yokunquma i-longitude.
Iwashi lasemanzini: isikhathi esivala i-longitude
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-chronometer yasolwandle ngekhulu le-18 kwaba yingqophamlando. Iwashi elalihlala linembile naphezu kokuzamazama, umswakama, kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa komkhumbi kwavumela amatilosi ukubala "isikhathi sokuhamba" kwawo kusuka ku-meridian ebhekiselayo. Ngokubuka emini yendawo (lapho ilanga liphakeme kakhulu) nokuyiqhathanisa nesikhathi esiku-chronometer, amatilosi ayengakwazi ukubala i-longitude kalula kunokusebenzisa indlela yebanga lenyanga. Nakuba i-chronometer yayiyithuluzi lomshini, ukunemba kwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwahlala kusekelwe kusayensi yezinkanyezi, njengoba isikhathi sendawo sasinqunywa ngokubuka izidalwa zasezulwini.
Amathuluzi okuzulazula asekelwe ku-Astronomy
I-Astronomy ayigcini nje ngokunikeza imfundiso, kodwa futhi ikhuthaza ukuzalwa kwezinsimbi ezikhethekile.
1. I-Astrolabe kanye ne-quadrant
Ithuluzi lokuqala lokulinganisa ukuphakama kwezinto zasezulwini. I-astrolabe yasolwandle yayivumela amatilosi ukuba alinganise i-engeli yeLanga noma izinkanyezi kusukela emkhathizwe, yize ukusetshenziswa kwayo emkhunjini ohambayo kwakunzima impela.
2. Abasebenzi abahlangene nabasebenzi abangemuva
Induku ehlanganisiwe ilinganisa ama-engeli ngokuvumelanisa umbono phakathi komkhathizwe neLanga/inkanyezi. Induku engemuva yenzelwe ukukusiza ukuthi ubuke iLanga ngaphandle kokulibheka ngqo, okunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwamehlo.
3. I-Sextant
I-sextant isibe uphawu lokuzulazula kwezinkanyezi. Isebenzisa uhlelo lwezibuko, i-sextant ilinganisa ngokunembile i-engeli phakathi kwento yasezulwini kanye nomkhathizwe. Leli thuluzi lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla njengesipele uma kwenzeka izinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi zihluleka.
4. I-almanac yolwandle
Ama-almanac ahlinzeka ngemininingwane ngezindawo zezinto zasezulwini ngesikhathi esithile, ukulungiswa, kanye namathebula okubala. Ngaphandle kwe-almanac, ukubonwa kwe-angular akuhunyushwa kalula kube yizindawo zemephu.
Ukuzulazula kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamamephu omhlaba
Isayensi yezinkanyezi ayithonyanga nje kuphela indlela amatilosi ayehamba ngayo, kodwa futhi nendlela umhlaba owawudwetshwe ngayo imephu. Isidingo sokunquma indawo saholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-martography, i-meridian ejwayelekile, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumanisa. Ngokuzulazula kwezinkanyezi, imizila yemikhumbi yaba yinto ephindaphindekayo futhi ephephile, okwenza kube lula ukuhweba ngaphesheya kolwandle, uhambo lwesayensi, kanye nokushintshana ngamasiko. Imephu enkulu yezindawo ezintsha ezisogwini naseziqhingini yayixhomeke ekhonweni lokunquma i-latitude kanye ne-longitude.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuzulazula kwezinkanyezi nakho kunikeze idatha yezinkanyezi uqobo. Ukubuka olwandle, ukugcinwa kwesikhathi, kanye nesidingo sokulungiswa kwezinsimbi kwaba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zezinkanyezi ezisebenzayo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okubili babuhambisana: izinkanyezi zasiza ukuzulazula, kanye nokuzulazula kwasiza ukuqoqwa kwedatha kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi.
Umthelela ekuphepheni nasekusebenzeni kahle kokuthunyelwa kwempahla
Ngokukwazi ukunquma indawo okuyo, amatilosi angagwema izingozi ezifana namatshe asolwandle, amanzi angajulile, noma ukuphambuka okukhulu endleleni yakho. Ukwazi i-latitude yakho kusiza umkhumbi ukuthi uhlale “endleleni efanayo” oyifunayo—isibonelo, ukugcina i-latitude ethile ukuze usebenzise imimoya yezohwebo. Ukunquma i-longitude ngendlela efanele kunciphisa ingozi yokwenza indawo engalungile noma ukuthola indawo oya kuyo sekwephuzile.
Ukusebenza kahle nakho kwanda: imikhumbi yayingahlela imizila eqondile kakhudlwana, yonga isikhathi, izinto zokuhamba, kanye nezindleko. Ngokomlando, ukuthuthuka kwamakhono okuhamba ngemikhumbi kuvame ukuhambisana nokukhula kwezomnotho zasolwandle, njengoba umzila oqondile wawusho ukuhwebelana okusheshayo kanye nengozi ephansi yokulahlekelwa.
Ukufaneleka enkathini ye-GPS
Imikhumbi yanamuhla namuhla ithembele ku-GPS enembe kakhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuzulazula zesathelayithi. Kodwa-ke, isayensi yezinkanyezi ayikashiywa ngokuphelele. Okokuqala, izinhlelo zesathelayithi ngokwazo ziwubuchwepheshe obuthembele kusayensi yesikhala, amamodeli e-orbital, kanye nokuvumelanisa isikhathi—konke okuhlobene nesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi. Okwesibili, ukuzulazula kwezinkanyezi kusafundiswa ezifundweni eziningi njengendlela yokusekela uma kwenzeka uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi luhluleka, ukuphazamiseka kwesignali, noma izimo eziphuthumayo.
Ama-sextant, ama-almanac, kanye namakhono okufunda i-sky-reading ahlala ewusizo ngoba i-sky ayikwazi "ukucinywa" ukwehluleka kwemishini. Esimweni sokuphepha, lolu hlobo lokuphindaphindeka lubalulekile.
I-Penutup
I-Astronomy yathonya kakhulu ukuzulazula olwandle: kusukela ekunqumeni isiqondiso ngezinkanyezi, ukulinganisa i-latitude phakathi kokuphakama kwe-Polaris neLanga, kuya ekuxazululeni izinkinga ze-longitude ngokubuka kwenyanga nama-chronometer. Izinsimbi ezifana ne-sextant kanye nemithombo yedatha efana ne-nautical almanac zavela esidingweni sokuhumusha isibhakabhaka sibe yizixhumanisi olwandle. Ngaphezu nje kwendlela yasendulo, ukuzulazula kwezinkanyezi kubonisa ukuthi ulwazi lwendawo yonke lwasiza kanjani abantu ukunqoba amabanga eMhlabeni. Ngisho nasenkathini yesathelayithi, leli fa lihlala libalulekile njengesisekelo somlando, sesayensi, nesisebenzayo sokuzulazula okuphephile.
