Indlela I-Astronomy Esetshenziswa Ngayo Emivubukulweni
Isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nesayensi yezinto zakudala kuvame ukubhekwa njengezinkambu ezimbili ezihlukene kakhulu: enye ihlola amazulu, kanti enye ihlola iminonjana yokuphila komuntu kwangaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, lokhu kokubili kungaphelelisana. Lapho abavubukuli bethola izakhiwo zasendulo ezibonakala “zikhomba” endaweni ethile emkhathizwe, noma lapho indawo ibonisa iphethini ephindaphindayo nezinkathi zonyaka, isayensi yezinkanyezi ingaba yisihluthulelo sokuqonda umsebenzi, incazelo, kanye nolwazi lwabantu abakha lezi zinto. Lokhu kwaveza insimu yocwaningo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-archaeoastronomy, isifundo sendlela imiphakathi yasendulo eyayibona, ihumusha, futhi isebenzisa ngayo izinto zasezulwini.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yemivubukulo: ibhuloho eliphakathi kwesibhakabhaka nesikhathi esidlule
I-Archaeastrononomy ihlanganisa izindlela zezinkanyezi (ukubala izindawo zeLanga, iNyanga, nezinkanyezi) nezindlela zemivubukulo (ukumba, ukufunda izimo zamasiko, kanye nosuku). Umgomo akukhona nje ukufakazela ukuthi "abantu basendulo babehlakaniphile," kodwa kunalokho ukuphendula imibuzo eqondile: kungani izakhiwo zibhekene nesiqondiso esithile? Ingabe lokhu kuqondiswa kwakwenzeka ngengozi, kwakuyisidingo esisebenzayo, noma ingxenye yesiko? Lakhiwa kanjani ikhalenda labo? Futhi laba namuphi umthelela kwezolimo, emandleni, kanye nobunikazi benkolo?
Ngenxa yokuthi isibhakabhaka siyaphindaphinda futhi siyabikezelwa, imiphakathi eminingi isisebenzisa njenge "iwashi" lemvelo kanye "nekhalenda." Ngokubuka ukuphuma nokushona kwelanga, ukushintsha kwezigaba zenyanga, kanye nokuvela kwezinkanyezi ezithile ngezikhathi ezithile, bangakwazi ukumaka izinkathi zonyaka, banqume izikhathi zokuvuna, noma bakhethe izinsuku zemikhosi. Izinkomba zale mikhuba ngezinye izikhathi zitholakala ekuqondisweni kwezakhiwo, ukwakheka kwedolobha, imidwebo, ngisho nezindaba zezinganekwane.
Kwembula ukuma kwesakhiwo nendawo
Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ngayo isayensi yezinkanyezi kwezemivubukulo ukuhlaziya indlela izakhiwo zasendulo eziqondiswa ngayo: indlela amathempeli, amasango, izindlela zokungena, noma imigqa yamatshe ebhekene nayo. Abacwaningi balinganisa i-azimuth (indlela ephambili ngamadigri) kanye nokuphakama (ukuphakama kwe-angle yokubuka ukuya emkhathizwe) ukuze babone ukuthi indlela eqondiswa ngayo iyahambisana yini nemicimbi ethile yezinkanyezi—isibonelo, ukuphuma kwelanga e-solstices, ama-equinox (imini nobusuku obulinganayo), noma imicimbi yenyanga efana ne-lunistices (izikhundla ezinkulu zeNyanga emjikelezweni weminyaka engu-18,6).
Isibonelo esaziwayo yizikhumbuzo zamatshe amakhulu eYurophu okucatshangwa ukuthi zihambisana ne-solstices. Uma indlela ende noma igebe phakathi kwamatshe ligxila ukukhanya kwelanga osukwini oluthile, lingabonisa umkhosi waminyaka yonke, uphawu lwezinkathi, noma uphawu lwe-cosmological. Emivubukulweni, incazelo iyacebiswa lapho lokhu kuqondiswa kuhlanganiswa nezinye izinto ezitholakele: izinsalela zokudla kwemikhosi, amathambo ezilwane ezihlatshelwe umhlatshelo, noma izinto ezenziwe ngemikhosi.
Kodwa-ke, izazi zemivubukulo zanamuhla ziyaxwayisa: akuwona wonke umzila "ohambisana" nesenzakalo sasezulwini onenjongo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kuyadingeka ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlangana kwezinto, kanye nokuqonda umongo wamasiko ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhumusha ukuthi kungabi ukuqagela.
Ukusiza ngokuqopha ikhalenda kanye nokwakha kabusha
Isayensi yezinkanyezi nayo iwusizo ekubhaleni izinsuku nokwakha kabusha izinhlelo zekhalenda zasendulo. Imiphakathi eminingi yathuthukisa amakhalenda asekelwe eLangeni (ilanga), eNyangeni (inyanga), noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili (ilanga). Amarekhodi emikhuba, imibhalo eqoshiwe, noma ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kungase kube nezinkomba zokuthi bawalungisa kanjani amakhalenda abo ukuze avumelane nezinkathi zonyaka.
Isibonelo, uma indawo iphawula ngokucacile i-solstice, kungenzeka ukuthi umphakathi wawunekhalenda lesizini lezolimo. Kwezinye izindawo, umjikelezo wenyanga ungase ube namandla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekunqumeni izinsuku ezingcwele. Ulwazi ngemijikelezo yokufiphala kwelanga noma izikhundla ezithile zenyanga luphinde lubonakale ngezinye izikhathi ezimpawini nasezinhlelweni zendawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi yezinkanyezi ingaba usizo lapho abavubukuli behlangana nemibhalo yasendulo ekhuluma ngezenzakalo zasemkhathini—njengokuthi “ukushona kwelanga okwenzekile ngonyaka ka-X” noma “inkanyezi ethile yaphuma ngosuku lomkhosi.” Ngesofthiwe yesimanje yesayensi yezinkanyezi, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukulingisa isibhakabhaka esidlule futhi bafanise la marekhodi nezinsuku ezilinganiselwe kumakhalenda anamuhla, nakuba inqubo ingeyona elula ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinhlelo zokuqomisana kanye namarekhodi angaphelele.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesibhakabhaka esidlule: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinguquko ezikhundleni zezinkanyezi
Isibhakabhaka abantu abasibona eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule sasingafani ncamashi nesibhakabhaka sanamuhla. Lokhu akusho ukuthi izinkanyezi zashintsha kakhulu ngobusuku obubodwa, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi izenzakalo zesikhathi eside ezifana ne-axial precession yoMhlaba zibangela ukuthi izikhundla zezinkanyezi eziphakamayo zishintshe kancane eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane. Ngakho-ke, uma isakhiwo kucatshangwa ukuthi sibheke enkanyezini ethile, abacwaningi kumele bacabangele lezi zinguquko.
Yilapho izinkanyezi zanamuhla zidlala khona indima ebalulekile. Besebenzisa amamodeli okulandelana, ukuhluza, kanye nezinguquko ekuthambekeni kwe-axial, abacwaningi bangalinganisa isibhakabhaka endaweni ethile nesikhathi esithile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhumusha okunembe kakhudlwana: ingabe i-axis yesakhiwo empeleni yayikhomba enkanyezini ekhanyayo ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwayo, noma ingabe ibonakala nje ihambisana nombono wesimanje?
Ukuhlonza imisebenzi yezenhlalo neyezepolitiki
Isayensi yezinkanyezi kwezemivubukulo ayiphenduli nje kuphela imibuzo yokuthi "nini" nokuthi "kuphi," kodwa futhi "kungani." Izakhiwo ezihlotshaniswa nokubuka kwasezulwini zazivame ukuba nokubaluleka kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ukwazi ikhalenda kwakusho ukuqonda amasiko nezinkathi, okungaqinisa ukuba semthethweni komholi noma umpristi. Uma iqembu "lingabikezela" ukufika kwesizini yemvula noma linqume izinsuku zemikhosi engcwele, isikhundla salo emphakathini singaqiniswa.
Kwamanye amasiko, izikhungo zemikhosi zakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi izenzakalo zasezulwini—njengokukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo ngesikhala esithile—zibonakale zimangalisa ezinsukwini ezibalulekile. Lo mphumela obonakalayo ungasebenza “njengobuchwepheshe obungokomfanekiso” ukugcizelela ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla, indawo yonke, kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi. Abavubukuli base behumusha lokhu kanye neminye imininingwane: ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, amazinga okusebenza kwendawo, kanye nobufakazi bemisebenzi yesiko.
Izindlela: kusukela ezinhlolovo zasensimini kuya ekumodeleni kwedijithali
Ukuze baxhumanise izindawo zemivubukulo nezimo zezinkanyezi, abacwaningi basebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ucwaningo lokuqondiswa kanye nokulinganisa umkhathizwe
Ukusebenzisa ikhampasi, i-theodolite, i-GPS, noma isithwebuli se-laser (i-LiDAR) ukukala isiqondiso sezakhiwo kanye nezimo zendawo.
2. Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sendawo kanye nemvelo
Hlola ukuthi ukuqondiswa kuthonywa yini yizici ezingezona ezezinkanyezi, njengokuqondiswa komfula, imimoya enamandla, izintaba eziqongweni, noma izidingo zokuzivikela.
3. Ukumodela kwezinkanyezi
Ukusebenzisa isofthiwe ye-planetarium kanye nokubala kwezinkanyezi ukwakha kabusha izikhundla zeLanga, iNyanga, nezinkanyezi ngesikhathi esithile.
4. Izibalo kanye nokulawulwa kwengozi
Ukuhlola ukuthi amaphethini okuqondiswa kwezakhiwo eziningi abonisa ukuthambekela okufanayo, noma ukuthi izibonelo ezimbalwa kuphela ezifanelana.
5. Ukuhumusha amasiko
Hlobanisa imiphumela yokulinganisa nezinganekwane, izithombe, imibhalo yasendulo, kanye namasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo uma etholakala.
Ngalezi zinyathelo, isayensi yezinto zakudala ifuna ukugcina ibhalansi phakathi kokubala kwesayensi nokuqonda kwamasiko.
Izinselele kanye nezingozi zokuchazwa kabi
Lo mkhakha ubhekene nezinselele. Okokuqala, izindawo eziningi zonakalisiwe, zashintshwa, noma zavuselelwa, okungenzeka kushintshe indlela ezazibukeka ngayo ekuqaleni. Okwesibili, kube nokuthambekela kokukhetha izinto ezimangalisayo, ukukhetha noma yisiphi isenzakalo sasezulwini esifanelana nesakhiwo. Okwesithathu, izincazelo zingaba matasa emibonweni yanamuhla, zibeke imiqondo yamanje yezinkanyezi emiphakathini yasendulo okungenzeka ukuthi yayiqonda isibhakabhaka ngohlaka oluhlukile lwezinganekwane.
Ngakho-ke, izimangalo eziqinile zemivubukulo zivame ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziningana: ukuqondiswa okucacile nokulinganiselwe, ukuhlangana okuphindaphindiwe kumasethi amaningi edatha, ukwesekwa okuvela kobunye ubufakazi bemivubukulo, kanye nezincazelo ezihambisana nomongo wamasiko.
Isiphetho
I-Astronomy isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala ukuze kuchazwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo, izindawo, kanye nesibhakabhaka: ukwembula ukuqondiswa kwendawo, ukusiza ukwakhiwa kabusha kwekhalenda, ukulinganisa izinsuku kusetshenziswa izenzakalo zasezulwini, nokuqonda imisebenzi yezenhlalo-yezepolitiki kanye neyenkolo yolwazi lwezinkanyezi. Ngokusebenzisa i-archaeoastronomy, isibhakabhaka siba "idokhumenti" eyengeziwe esiza abavubukuli ukuthi bachaze imikhondo yesikhathi esidlule ngokugcwele. Ekugcineni, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi emiphakathini eminingi yasendulo, isibhakabhaka sasingaphezu nje kwesimo sasebusuku - sasiwumthombo wesikhathi, incazelo, kanye nokuhleleka empilweni.
