Incazelo yamandla kagesi
Ngaphakathi komqhubi ofana nethusi, kukhona ama-electron ahamba ngokukhululeka nangokungahleliwe ngesivinini esikhulu kodwa angaphumi ensimbini. Ama-electron angahamba ngokukhululeka abizwa ngokuthi ama-electron akhululekile. Nakuba ama-electron ehamba ngokukhululeka kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, akukho ukugeleza kwe-net kwama-electron kunoma iyiphi indlela ethile. Lesi simo senzeka lapho kungekho mehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zocingo lwethusi.
Uma ucingo luxhunywe emthonjeni kagesi, kuvela umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zocingo lwethusi, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka insimu kagesi entanjeni yethusi. Ukuba khona kwensimu kagesi kubangela ukuthi ama-electron akhululekile abhekane namandla kagesi F = q E = e E, lapho F = amandla kagesi, e = ukushaja kwama-electron, E = insimu kagesi . Amandla kagesi abangela ukuthi wonke ama-electron ahamba ngokukhululekile abhekane nokusheshisa okuvamile ohlangothini olufanayo namandla kagesi.
Lawa ma-electron akhululekile, ahamba ndawonye, atholakala phakathi kwama-athomu amile entanjeni yethusi, okwenza wonke ama-electron ashayisane nalawa ma-athomu. Lokhu kushayisana kubangela ukuthi ama-electron akhululekile ashintshe indlela yawo yokunyakaza. Wonke lawa ma-electron ahlala engaphansi kwamandla kagesi, okubangela ukuthi asheshise ngendlela efanayo namandla kagesi. Ngemva kokuhamba isikhashana, ama-electron akhululekile aphinde ashayisane nama-athomu entanjeni yethusi. Kodwa-ke, ama-electron akhululekile ahlala engaphansi kwamandla kagesi, okubangela ukuthi wonke ama-electron asheshise futhi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokuhamba ngokungahleliwe ngezindlela ezahlukene, wonke ama-electron akhululekile nawo ahamba kancane kancane ngendlela yamandla kagesi kanye nendlela ephambene nensimu kagesi. Indlela yensimu kagesi isukela kumandla kagesi aphezulu iye kumandla kagesi aphansi, kuyilapho ama-electron ehamba esuka kumandla aphansi iye kumandla aphezulu. Ukunyakaza okungahleliwe kwe-electron ngayinye ekhululekile kunesivinini esisheshayo kakhulu, kuyilapho ukunyakaza okuhlangene kwama-electron akhululekile ngendlela yamandla kagesi kunesivinini esiphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kunyakaza okuhlangene kwama-electron akhululekile ngendlela yamandla kagesi kubizwa nangokuthi ijubane lokukhukhuleka.
Ugesi kagesi uchazwa njengokugeleza kweshaja kagesi ngokusebenzisa ingxenye enqamulayo yomqhubi esikhathini esithile. Ngokwesivumelwano, isiqondiso sogesi kagesi sifana nesiqondiso sokunyakaza kwamacala amahle. Lesi sivumelwano senziwa ngaphambi kokuba kwaziwe ukuthi lokho okunyakazayo kumqhubi kungama-electron akhululekile, ashajelwe kabi. Isiqondiso sokunyakaza kwama-electron kumqhubi siphambene nesiqondiso sogesi. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuxoxwa ngokugeleza kwamandla kagesi kumqhubi, okushiwoyo ukugeleza kwamacala amahle, okwaziwa nangokuthi ugesi ovamile ngoba kuwumphumela walesi sivumelwano.
Ifomula yamandla kagesi
Ngokwezibalo, ugesi uboniswa yi-equation:
I = ΔQ / Δt
Incazelo yefomula: I = ugesi wamanje, ΔQ = inani lokushaja kukagesi, Δt = isikhawu sesikhathi.
Iyunithi yamandla kagesi
Iyunithi yokushaja kagesi yi-Coulomb, iyunithi yesikhathi ingeyesibili, ngakho iyunithi yamandla kagesi yi-Coulomb/yesibili. I-Coulomb/yesibili ibizwa nangokuthi i-Ampere , eqanjwe ngesazi sefiziksi saseFrance, u-Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836). 1 I-Ampere = 1 I-Coulomb / yesibili (1 A = 1 C / s). Ngamanye amazwi, amandla kagesi e-1 Ampere alingana nokushaja kagesi kwe-1 I-Coulomb edlula endaweni yentambo enqamulayo isekhondi eli-1. Ngaphandle kokuvezwa kuma-Ampere, amandla kagesi nawo abonakaliswa kuma-milliamperes (1 mA = 10 -3 A), ama-microamperes (1 μA = 10 -6 A), ama-nanoamperes (1 nA = 10 -9 A) noma ama-picoamperes (1 pA = 10 -12 A).
Isibonelo sombuzo 1:
Ugesi wama-Ampere ama-2 ugeleza ngentambo imizuzwana eyi-8. Thola ubukhulu beshaja edlula endaweni ethile kanye nenani lama-electron kuleyo shaja!
Ingxoxo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi:
Amandla kagesi (I) = 1 Ampere
Isikhawu sesikhathi (t) = 2 imizuzwana
Kubuziwe: ukushaja (Q) kanye nenani lama-electron (e)
Impendulo:
Ifomula yamandla kagesi:
I = Q/t
Incazelo yefomula: I = ugesi wamanje, Q = ukushaja kukagesi, t = isikhathi esiphakathi
Ishaja kagesi:
Q = I t = (2 Ampere)(imizuzwana engu-8) = 16 Coulombs.
Ishaja ye-electron eyodwa ingu-1,6 x 10 -19 Coulombs ngakho-ke ishaja ye-Coulombs engu-16 inama-electron amaningi njengo-16 C / 1,6 x 10 -19 Coulombs = 10 x 10 19 ama-electron.
Amandla kagesi, ijubane lokukhukhuleka kanye nobuningi bamanje
Cabanga ngeshaja eqondile ehamba ngakwesokudla ngesivinini sokukhukhuleka v ohlangothini lwensimu kagesi E kumqhubi onendawo enqamulayo A. Ishaja eqondile ihambisa ibanga s = vt ngesikhathi sokuphumula t.
Uma inani lezinhlayiya ezishajiwe ngevolumu ngayinye (ukuminyana kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe) lingu-n kanti ivolumu yomqhubi ingu-A s = A vt, khona-ke inani lezinhlayiya ezishajiwe kuvolumu yomqhubi lingu-n A v t. Uma inhlayiya ngayinye eshajiwe ineshaja engu-q khona-ke inani leshaja elidlula ekugcineni komqhubi ngesikhathi sesikhawu sesikhathi u-t ungu-Q = nq A v t. Ngakho-ke ugesi ogeleza ekugcineni komqhubi ungu-I = Q/t = nq A v. Ngenkathi ubuningi bamanje noma ugesi endaweni ngayinye yesigaba esinqamulayo u-A ungu-J = I/A = nq v. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi ugesi ogeleza kumqhubi uwumphumela wokuphindaphindwa kobuningi bezinhlayiya ezishajiwe (n), ubukhulu bokushaja kwenhlayiya ngayinye (q), indawo yesigaba esinqamulayo yomqhubi (A) kanye nesivinini sokukhukhuleka kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe (v).
Funda inkinga yesibonelo esilandelayo ukuze uqonde umehluko phakathi kwesivinini senhlayiya ngayinye eshajiwe kanye nesivinini sokukhukhuleka kwazo zonke izinhlayiya ezishajiwe.
Isibonelo sombuzo 2:
Ugesi oqhubekayo wama-Ampere ayi-10 ugeleza entanjeni yethusi enendawo enqamulayo engu-3 x 10-6 m2. Ubuningi bama-electron amahhala bungu-8,4 x 1028 ama-electron/m3Thola isivinini sokukhukhuleka kwama-electron amahhala!
Ingxoxo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi:
Amandla kagesi (I) = 10 Ampere
Indawo yezingxenye zezintambo (A) = 3 x 10-6 m2
Ubuningi bama-electron wamahhala (n) = 8,4 x 1028 m-3
Ishaja ye-electron (q) = 1,6 x 10-19 C
Kubuziwe: Isivinini sokukhukhuleka kwama-electron samahhala (v)
Impendulo:
Ijubane lama-electron libalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula ethathwe ngaphambilini:
Incazelo: I = ugesi wamanje, n = ubuningi bezinhlayiya ezishajiwe = ubuningi bama-electron amahhala, q = ukushaja kwe-electron eyodwa, A = indawo enqamulayo yomqhubi, v = isivinini sokukhukhuleka kwe-electron
Ijubane lokukhukhuleka kwama-electron lingu-0,248 x 10 -3 amamitha/umzuzwana = 0,248 amamilimitha/umzuzwana.
Ama-electron amahhala ahamba ndawonye ngentambo ngesivinini samamilimitha angu-0,248 ngomzuzwana. Ngamanye amazwi, njalo ngomzuzwana wonke ama-electron amahhala ahamba amamilimitha angu-0,248. Lesi isivinini esihamba kancane kakhulu. Uma ukunyakaza kwama-electron amahhala kuhamba kancane kangaka, kungani isibani sikagesi sivuleka ngokushesha ngemva kokuvulwa kweswishi?
Ukuze uqonde lokhu, cabanga ngokugeleza kwama-electron ku-conductor njengokugeleza kwamanzi ku-hose. Uma i-hose igcwele amanzi, khona-ke uma uhlangothi olulodwa lwe-hose luxhunywe kumpompi, amanzi azophuma ngokushesha kolunye uhlangothi. Ngokufanayo, kukhona ama-electron akhululekile ku-copper wire kanye ne-light bulb wire. Uma i-switch ivuliwe, kukhiqizwa insimu kagesi ngesivinini esisondela ku-light speed (isivinini sokukhanya = 3 x 108 metres /second), okubangela ukuthi ama-electron akhululekile aqale ukuhamba ndawonye ngokushesha. Sekuvele kukhona ama-electron amahhala ku-light bulb wire, ngakho-ke i-light bulb ivula ngokushesha.
