Amathonya Amasiko Emklamo Wezakhiwo
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuyinsimu yobuciko nesayensi ehlanganisa umsebenzi, ubuhle, kanye nencazelo yesakhiwo. Enkambisweni yaso yokuklama, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuvame ukuhlukaniswa nethonya lamasiko akhiwe kuwo. Isiko lihlanganisa izici ezahlukahlukene njengezinkolelo, izindinganiso, amasiko, kanye nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi, konke okungathonya isimo, umsebenzi, kanye nencazelo yesakhiwo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ithonya lamasiko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ngokujulile, siqokomise izibonelo eziningana ezivela emhlabeni wonke.
Isiko Njengesisekelo Sobunikazi Bokwakha
Wonke umphakathi unesiko elihlukile, elibonisa ubuwena bawo nomlando wawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isiko lithonya izitayela zokwakha ezakhiwe esifundeni. Isibonelo, izakhiwo eMpumalanga Ephakathi zaziwa ngama-domes azo amakhulu, ama-arches, kanye nemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi, konke okubonisa ifa lamaSulumane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zejiyometri. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhiwo zaseJapane zivame ukuba zincane, zamukela izinto zemvelo njengokhuni namatshe, futhi zikhuthaza ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwezikhala zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, okubonisa inhlonipho ngemvelo.
Isiko liphinde lithonye ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha esakhiweni. Emiphakathini ecebile emahlathini, njengase-Indonesia, ukhuni lusetshenziswa kabanzi njengento eyinhloko. Okwamanje, ezindaweni ezinamadwala njengeGrisi yasendulo, imabula yayiyinto ekhethwa kakhulu. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunikeza induduzo nokuqina kodwa futhi kubonakalisa indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yemvelo yesifunda.
Izibonelo Zangempela Zethonya Lamasiko
Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Kwendabuko KwaseJapane
Isibonelo esicacile sethonya lamasiko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo yindlu yendabuko yaseJapan, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-minka. Izakhiwo ze-Minka zithonywa kakhulu yizimiso ze-Zen, ezigcizelela ubulula nokuvumelana nemvelo. Lezi zindlu zivame ukwakhiwa ngokhuni, zinophahla olufulelwe ngotshani kanye nezindonga ezishelelayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-shōji (iminyango yephepha elishelelayo) kuvumela indlu ukuthi ivumelane nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene, inikeze umoya wemvelo ehlobo kanye nokuvikelwa emimoyeni ebandayo ebusika. Lo mklamo wenza kube lula ukugeleza kwamandla amahle (chi) kuyo yonke indlu, ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo ze-feng shui kanye ne-Zen.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingadi zaseJapan, ezivame ukutholakala eduze kwamakhaya, zibonisa ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwabantu nemvelo. Izinto zengadi ezifana namachibi, amatshe, nezitshalo zikhethwa ngokucophelela futhi zibekwe ukuze kudalwe umuzwa wokuthula nokulinganisela. Lo mqondo awusebenzi nje kuphela emakhaya kodwa nasemathempelini amaningi, ezigodlweni, nasezakhiweni zomphakathi eJapane.
Ukwakhiwa KwamaSulumane
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaSulumane kungenye isibonelo sendlela isiko elibumba ngayo ukubukeka kwesakhiwo. AmaMosque ayisizinda sezakhiwo zamaSulumane futhi anezici eziningana ezihlukile kakhulu, okuhlanganisa i-mihrab (indawo evulekile odongeni ebheke eMecca), i-minaret (umbhoshongo wokusakaza ubizo lomthandazo), kanye ne-dome enkulu. Ngayinye yalezi zinto igcwele izimpawu kanye nengokomoya. I-mihrab, isibonelo, ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengesiqondiso somthandazo, kodwa futhi ivame ukuhlotshiswa nge-calligraphy ye-Quran, enikeza umuzwa wenkolo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphethini ejiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nokulingana kufanekisela ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke ngokwezinkolelo zamaSulumane. Izakhiwo eziningi zamaSulumane emazweni ahlukahlukene nazo zamukela izakhi zamasiko endawo. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kweMughal eNdiya kwahlanganisa izakhi zasePheresiya nezamaHindu ekwakhiweni kwayo, kwakha imisebenzi yobuciko emangalisayo kanye nezakhiwo ezifana neTaj Mahal.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zezizwe
Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zabantu bendawo kubonisa indlela amasiko endawo azivumelanisa ngayo nezimo zawo. Isibonelo, izindlu zendabuko ezindaweni ezibandayo, njenge-igloo yama-Inuit, zakhiwe ngamabhulokhi eqhwa ahlanganisiwe, anezakhiwo zokuvikela kakhulu. Lo mklamo ulungele kahle izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu futhi ubonisa nokuhlakanipha kwabantu bendawo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abasezindaweni ezishisayo, njengezindawo zasemakhaya eBali, e-Indonesia, bakha izindlu ezinomoya ovulekile nophahla oluphezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza komoya kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwezitini zobumba, uqalo, namaqabunga kakhukhunathi ezakhiweni zabo nakho kubonisa izinto ezitholakala kalula ezitholakala endaweni.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zanamuhla Okusekelwe Emasikweni
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje nakho kuthonywa amasiko. Abakhi abaningi bezakhiwo zesimanje balwela ukuhlanganisa izinto zendabuko nezesimanje ukudala imiklamo yesimanje ngenkathi behlala begxile kakhulu emasikweni endawo. Isibonelo, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje e-Afrika kuhlanganisa izindlela zokwakha zendabuko nezinto ezifana nodaka, izitini, notshani nobuchwepheshe besimanje ukudala izakhiwo ezisimeme nezihambisana nesimo.
Kwabakhi abaningi bezakhiwo, inselele iwukudala izakhiwo ezisebenzayo nezanamuhla ngenkathi kugcinwa ubunjalo bazo bamasiko endawo. Isibonelo, umsebenzi kaGlenn Murcutt e-Australia usebenzisa izakhi zomklamo wendabuko wabantu bomdabu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla, wakha izakhiwo ezingagcini nje ngokujabulisa ubuhle kodwa futhi ezihambisana nemvelo.
Isiko Lomhlaba Wonke kanye Nokuguqulwa Kwezakhiwo
Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kulethe izinguquko ezinkulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Ukushintshana kwemibono, ubuchwepheshe, nezinto zokwakha emhlabeni wonke kuvumela abaklami bezakhiwo ukuthi bazame futhi bakhe imiklamo yamasiko ahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nakho kuletha izinselele; kukhona ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuhwebelana kwezakhiwo zomhlaba wonke kunganciphisa ubunikazi bamasiko endawo.
Njengesixazululo, abaklami abaningi basebenzisa indlela "ye-glocal" (global-local), behlanganisa izakhi zomhlaba wonke nezici zendawo. Le ndlela ayivumeli nje kuphela imiklamo emisha kodwa futhi ihlonipha futhi igubha ukuhluka kwamasiko endawo.
Isiphetho
Ekugcineni, ithonya lamasiko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo alinakwa. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo akugcini nje ngezakhiwo ezibonakalayo, kodwa futhi kumayelana nendlela lezo zakhiwo ezibonisa futhi zisabela ngayo emasikweni, ezindinganisweni, nasemlandweni wemiphakathi yazo. Ezweni elikhula ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke, kubalulekile ukuthi abakhi bezakhiwo baqhubeke nokugubha nokukhulisa ukuhluka kwamasiko emiklamo yabo, ngenkathi bamukela ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonke ukuze bakhe imisebenzi eqhubekayo nenenjongo.
