Kungani Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Ezinobudlova Kuyimpikiswano
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zobulwane—noma ubulwane—bekulokhu kuvusa impikiswano. Kwabanye, kufanekisela ukwethembeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, isimo esinesibindi, kanye nombono wezenhlalo wangemva kwempi. Kwabanye, ubulwane bufana nezakhiwo “eziqinile,” “ezibandayo,” ngisho “nezesabekayo”: izinqwaba ezinkulu zekhonkrithi ezibhekwa njengezingenabo ubungane kubantu. Le mpikiswano ayinasizathu. Ivela ekuhlanganisweni komlando, ubuhle, ezombusazwe, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwabantu abahlala eduze kwezakhiwo zobulwane.
1. Kuyini ubuBhulu futhi buvelaphi?
Igama elithi Brutalism livame ukuhlotshaniswa nesisho sesiFulentshi esithi béton brut, esisho ukuthi “ukhonkolo ongahluziwe,” esibhekisela kukhonkolo oshiywe uvulekile ngaphandle kwesimbozo. Le nhlangano yathola amandla maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, lapho amadolobha amaningi aseYurophu ayedinga ukwakhiwa kabusha okusheshayo, okungabizi, nokusebenzayo. Abaklami bezakhiwo bafuna ukuthola ulimi lokuklama oluthembekile, olusebenzayo, futhi oluhambisana nomoya wesimanje: ifomu lilandela umsebenzi.
Kodwa-ke, ubuBhutalism abugcini nje ngokuba yinto eqondile. Buphinde bube mayelana nokubonakaliswa kwesakhiwo, ukufundeka okusebenzayo, kanye nokwakheka okunesibindi kwezakhiwo ezinkulu. Izinto ezifana nemishayo emikhulu, amakholomu avelele, ukuthungwa kwamabhodi angaphambi kokufakwa, kanye nokuphindaphinda kwamamojula kuyizimpawu ezibonakala kalula. Yilapho impikiswano iqala khona: isitayela "esithembekile" kwabanye singase sibonakale "singcolile" kwabanye.
2. Ubuhle obuphonsela inselelo ukunambitheka okuvamile
Impikiswano eseduze kakhulu ivela ekubukekeni okubonakalayo kwe-Brutalism. Abantu abaningi bajwayele izakhiwo ezizama "ukujabulisa" iso: ukulingana okucwengekile, ukuhlobisa, izibuko ezihlanzekile, noma izinto ezifudumele njengetshe lemvelo nokhuni. I-Brutalism ivame ukuveza okuphambene nalokho—okusindayo, okukhulu, okubusayo, nokuhlotshiswe kancane.
Ikhonkrithi eveziwe ingadala umbono ompunga noyisicefe. Izimo zejometri ezinolaka zivame ukubonwa njengezicindezela ubukhulu bomuntu. Ikakhulukazi uma izakhiwo ezinkulu zimi phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ezazihlalwa yizakhiwo ezincane ngaphambili, ubulwane bubonwa "njengobungafaneleki" ngomongo. Yilapho amalebula anjengelithi "bunker," "prison," noma "concrete monster" eqala khona ukusebenza.
Kodwa kubasekeli bayo, yilapho kanye amandla obuBrutalism ekhona: iyawenqaba amazwi alula, ikhombisa izakhiwo njengoba zinjalo, futhi inesibindi sokuhluka phakathi kwezakhiwo ngezinye izikhathi "ezinobuhle kakhulu."
3. Ulwazi lwendawo: aluhlali lulungele abahamba ngezinyawo
Impikiswano ezungeze i-Brutalism ayigcini nje ngokubukeka, kodwa futhi imayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu ngendawo ezungezile. Izakhiwo eziningi ze-Brutalism zakhiwa njengemiklamo yezikhungo: izakhiwo zikahulumeni, amakhampasi, izindlu zomphakathi, izikhungo zamasiko, noma izikhungo zokuhamba. Imiklamo yazo ivame ukucatshangwa ngezinga elikhulu nelihlelekile—ukudala ama-plaza amakhulu, imihubhe emide, noma ukuhlukanisa izindlela zezimoto nezabantu abahamba ngezinyawo.
Ephepheni, lo mbono ubonakala uthuthuka. Empeleni, izindawo ezinkulu nezivulekile zingazizwa zingenalutho, zibanda, futhi zingaphephile uma ziphathwa kabi. Amakhona afihliwe, ukukhanya okulinganiselwe, kanye nokujikeleza okudidayo kungadala umbono owesabekayo. Ekugcineni, izakhiwo ezihloselwe njengezimpawu zokuvuleka komphakathi zibhekwa njengezinqaba ukuba khona komphakathi.
4. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuBhulu nomfanekiso “wamandla”
Ngenxa yokuthi yayivame ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni zikahulumeni nasezikhungweni ezinkulu, ubulwane buvame ukuhlotshaniswa namandla. Ingxenyana eqinile, engangeneki yekhonkrithi ivusa umuzwa wegunya—ngisho nokubusa. Kwamanye amazwe, lolu hlobo lokwakha lusetshenziselwa ukugcizelela ukuba khona kukahulumeni, ukuqina, kanye nesimanje.
Inkinga iwukuthi, izimpawu zokwakha zigxila kalula kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kwezepolitiki. Lapho umphakathi unezinkumbulo ezimbi zezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, noma ubuholi obuqinile, izakhiwo ezinonya ezisebenza "njengobuso" besikhungo ziyaqhutshwa. Nakuba abakhi bezakhiwo kungenzeka ukuthi babenenhloso yokucabanga okuhle, umphakathi ungawachaza njengokumelela ubudlova besakhiwo: okuqinile, okubandayo, nokungayekethisi.
5. Ubudlelwano namaphrojekthi ezindlu zomphakathi kanye nokucwaswa kwasemadolobheni
Ubulwane buphinde buphikiswe ngoba buvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindlu zomphakathi zangemva kwempi. Amazwe amaningi akha izindlu eziningi ukuze abhekane nenkinga yezindlu. Ngokombono, lokhu kwakuyiphrojekthi yomphakathi enesifiso esikhulu: ukuhlinzeka ngokushesha izindlu ezanele zabantu abaningi.
Kodwa-ke, ezimweni eziningana, izindlu ziye zehla ngekhwalithi ngenxa yokunakekelwa okunganele, ukuncishiswa kwesabelomali, noma izinqubomgomo zokuhlela amadolobha ezinganele. Lapho izindawo zomakhelwane ziwohloka—amanani obugebengu enyuka, izikhungo zomphakathi zincane, nemisebenzi incipha—umklamo wesakhiwo uvame ukusolwa. Ubulwane buba yisisulu, njengokungathi ubuciko kanye nesimo kuyimbangela yezinkinga zomphakathi, lapho izimbangela eziyinhloko zivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: ezomnotho, inqubomgomo, kanye nokuphathwa kwendawo.
6. Izinto zokwakha: zithembekile, kodwa zidinga ukulungiswa
Ukhonkolo ongahluziwe ungaveza izinto, kodwa uza nemiphumela. Ungamelana nesimo, uqhekeke, udale amabala amanzi, ukhule ukhula, futhi udle ngisho nokuqinisa insimbi uma ungelashwa. Ezimweni ezimanzi, lezi zinkinga ziba sobala kakhulu. Umphumela: izakhiwo ezingezona ezikahle ezinganakekelwa kahle zingabonakala zingcolile futhi "zingcolile."
Umbono womphakathi awakhiwa yimibono yokuklama, kodwa yizimo zangempela abazibona nsuku zonke. Lapho okumpunga kuxutshwa namabala, umbono "wobumnyama" uyaqiniswa. Abantu abaningi babheka ubuBhuda njengokwakha "okungagugi kahle." Kodwa-ke, njengetshe noma ukhuni, ukhonkolo nawo udinga ukulungiswa—kuwukuthi nje abantu abavamile ukujwayela ukubona ukhonkolo njengento edinga ukunakekelwa kobuhle.
7. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwefa lezakhiwo nezidingo zedolobha lanamuhla
Enye impikiswano ivela lapho izakhiwo ezinonya zifinyelela “ebudaleni bazo” futhi kumele zinqume ukuthi zizozigcina yini, zivuselele, noma zidilize. Yilapho ingxabano phakathi kokulondolozwa kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho iba nkulu khona.
Abagqugquzeli bokulondolozwa kwemvelo babona ubuHlanga njengengxenye ebalulekile yomlando wezakhiwo zanamuhla: ubufakazi bokwakhiwa kabusha ngemva kwempi, ukuhlola umphakathi, kanye nokusesha izinhlobo ezintsha. Bayazisa izakhiwo eziningi zobuHlanga ngenxa yobuciko bazo kanye namasu okwakha ahlukile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, labo abagqugquzela ukubhidlizwa kwezakhiwo bavame ukuphikisana ngokuthi lezi zakhiwo azisebenzisi kahle amandla, kunzima ukuzivumelanisa, noma azizuzisi ngokwezentengiselwano. Baphinde babhekisele ekumelaneni nomphakathi njengesizathu: “akekho ozithandayo,” ngakho-ke akufanele zilondolozwe.
Inkinga iwukuthi, ukuthandwa komphakathi kungashintsha. Izakhiwo eziningi ezazike zahlanjalazwa ziyaziswa ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka. Impikiswano yobuHlakani ishubile kakhulu ngoba izinqumo zedolobha zihlala njalo: uma sezibhidliziwe, ubunjalo bezakhiwo buyalahleka.
8. Izinguquko encazelweni enkathini yezokuxhumana
Esikhathini sezinkundla zokuxhumana, ubuHlanga buphinde bathandwa phakathi kwezindikimba ezithile. Izithombe zezakhiwo zekhonkrithi ezithambile, ukwakheka kwezithunzi ezibukhali, kanye nama-engeli anonya angavamile ngokuvamile abonakala sengathi athathwe izithombe. Lokhu kuholele isizukulwane esisha ekubhekeni ubuHlanga hhayi “njengobubi” kodwa “njengobudumile.”
Kodwa lokhu kuphinde kwanda kwenezela empikiswaneni: ingabe ukunconywa kobuHlanga kunqunyelwe ekubukekeni kwezithombe, ngaphandle kokuzwa ukuthi isikhala sisebenza kanjani empilweni yansuku zonke? Kukhona ukugxekwa kokuthi ukuhlonishwa kobuHlanga kuvame ukuvela ngaphandle kwemiphakathi ehlala eduze kwezakhiwo. Labo abathatha izithombe bangase bazibone njengobuciko, kuyilapho izakhamuzi zizibona njengezindawo ezingakhululekile noma ezinganakekelwa kahle. Lo mehluko kokuhlangenwe nakho wandisa igebe ekuqondeni.
9. Pho kungani ubuHlanga buqhubeka buphikiswana?
Ukwakhiwa kobulwane kuyimpikiswano ngoba kuphakathi kwezinto eziningi: ukunambitheka kobuhle, imibono yesimanje, inkumbulo yezepolitiki, inqubomgomo yezindlu, umnotho wokunakekelwa, kanye nokuguquguquka kokulondolozwa. Ubulwane buphoqa abantu ukuba bathathe isikhundla—sokusithanda noma ukusenqaba—ngoba abuzami ukungathathi hlangothi. Buziveza ngolimi olunesibindi, ngezinye izikhathi olunokhahlo, nolunzima ukuluziba.
Ekugcineni, impikiswano ye-Brutalism isifundisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo akugcini nje ngezakhiwo, kodwa ngabantu kanye nezindaba ezitholakala esikhaleni. Izinto ezibonakalayo zingase zifane, kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nezincazelo zomphakathi zingase zihluke kakhulu. Yingakho i-Brutalism izoqhubeka nokuba yisihloko sempikiswano: akuyona nje isitayela, kodwa iwukubonakaliswa kwamathemba ethu, ukwehluleka, kanye nezindlela ezishintshayo esibheka ngazo amadolobha.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza izibonelo zezakhiwo ezidumile ze-Brutalist (kokubili emhlabeni wonke nase-Indonesia) kanye nokuhlaziywa okufushane kokuthi kungani ngayinye iveza izinzuzo nezinkinga.
