Isitayela Sokwakha seRococo kanye Nezimpawu Zaso
Isitayela sokwakha iRococo singenye yezitayela zobuciko nokuklama ezibonakala kakhulu, ezaziwa ngokubukeka kwayo okuhle, okunethezekile, nokuhlotshisiwe. IRococo yathuthuka eYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, ikakhulukazi eFrance, njengokuqhubeka kweBaroque enkulu neyidrama. Ngenkathi iBaroque yaziwa ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, ukuhlukahluka okunamandla, kanye nesimo sayo esikhulu, iRococo yathuthela esitayeleni esilula, esithambile, esisondelene kakhulu, nesihlobisa kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi yeRococo, umongo lapho yavela khona, kanye nezici ezibalulekile ezichaza lesi sitayela sokwakha.
Imvelaphi kanye Nesizinda Somlando seRococo
Igama elithi "Rococo" livela emagameni esiFulentshi elithi rocaille (itshe/igobolondo lokuhlobisa elisetshenziswa ekuhlobiseni ingadi) kanye nelithi coquille (igobolondo). Leli gama libhekisela ku-motif ehlukile ye-Rococo, evame ukuba namagobolondo, imiqulu, kanye nama-curve e-organic. I-Rococo yavela ngemva kokubusa kukaLouis XIV eFrance, lapho umphakathi wezicukuthwane uqala ukulahla isimo esisemthethweni nesiqinile senkantolo yaseVersailles. Bakhetha izindawo ezikhululekile, zomuntu siqu ezifanele imibuthano yomphakathi, umculo, ingxoxo, kanye nokuzijabulisa.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ubuciko babungaseyona nje uphawu lwamandla kahulumeni, kodwa futhi babuyindlela yokuveza injabulo yokuphila, ubuhle, kanye nokunambitheka kwezigaba eziphezulu. Lokhu kwathonya kakhulu ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kanye nomklamo wangaphakathi. Izakhiwo eziningi zeRococo zihlukaniswa ngengaphakathi lazo: amakamelo okudweba, ama-salon, amahholo amancane, kanye nama-chapel, ahlotshiswe ngemininingwane eyeqisayo, ethambile, nejabulisa amehlo.
Umehluko Phakathi kweRococo neBaroque
Ukuze uqonde iRococo, kubalulekile ukuyiqhathanisa neyandulelayo, iBaroque. IBaroque yayivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, ilinganisene, futhi ikhulu. Umdlalo wokukhanya nobumnyama, izinsika ezinkulu, ama-domes amakhulu, kanye nezingoma ezisindayo zivame ukutholakala ezakhiweni zeBaroque. I-Rococo yagcina ubukhazikhazi kodwa yathatha indawo yalowo mthwalo ngokuguquguquka. Esikhundleni sokugcizelela amandla nobukhulu, iRococo yagcizelela ubuhle bokuhlobisa, induduzo, kanye nesimo esikhululekile.
Ezimweni eziningi, ingaphandle lezakhiwo zeRococo alizange lihluke kakhulu ezitayeleni zangaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, ingaphakathi laba yindawo eyinhloko yokuhlola: izindonga, ophahleni, amaphaneli okhuni, imidwebo, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, kanye nefenisha kwahlanganiswa kwaba ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe okungenamthungo.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zokwakhiwa Kwe-Rococo
Lokhu okulandelayo yizici ezivame ukuba khona ngesitayela sezakhiwo zeRococo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zangaphakathi.
1. Imihlobiso Ecebile kanye Nemininingwane Yokuhlobisa
Isici esivelele kakhulu seRococo ukuhlobisa kwayo okuningi. Imihlobiso ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengomhlobiso kodwa futhi njengophawu oluyinhloko lwesikhala. Imidwebo efana namagobolondo, amaqabunga e-acanthus, izimbali, amaribhoni, imiqulu, kanye nezimo ezingalingani ngokuvamile zihlobisa amakhona odonga, ozimele besibuko, ama-ledge ophahleni, ngisho nokuhlangana phakathi kwamakholomu nezindonga.
Ukuhlobisa i-rococo kuzwakala "kuphilile" ngoba izimo zayo aziqinile. Izinto eziningi zenziwe zibonakale zihamba futhi zigeleza. Imidwebo ye-plaster (stucco) ivame ukuqoshwa kahle, okwenza kube nokuthungwa okuthambile nokujula lapho ukukhanya kuzishaya.
2. Umbono olula, othambile futhi omuhle
I-Rococo yayigwema umuzwa wobunzima obukhulu. Ubukhulu bendawo babuvame ukuba obuseduze kakhulu nokwamukeleka, kunokuba bucindezele noma bube nokwesaba. Ngisho nokuhlobisa okuningi kwakungenzi igumbi lizizwe ligcwele njalo, njengoba lalihlanganiswe nemibala ekhanyayo nokukhanya okuhle.
Izinhlobo ezigobile kanye nemigqa egobile kubusa imigqa eqondile neqinile. Lokhu kudala isimo esithambile nesinobuhle, njengokungathi indawo yenzelwe induduzo nobuhle, hhayi ukukhombisa amandla.
3. Ukungalingani Njengesici Sobuhle
Nakuba izitayela zakudala nezeBaroque zigcizelela ukulingana, iRococo yaziwa ngokungalingani kwayo. Imidwebo yokuhlobisa ivame ukubekwa ngokungalingani ezinhlangothini zesobunxele nesokudla. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungalingani kuhlala kuvumelana ngenxa yokuhleleka kwayo ngokucophelela. Ukungalingani kwenza indawo izwakale ingokwemvelo futhi inamandla, okubonisa ukuphefumulelwa kwezinhlobo zemvelo.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwemibala ye-Pastel negolide
Iphalethi yombala we-Rococo ngokuvamile ithambile: i-ivory, ukhilimu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo, oluhlaza okotshani lwe-mint, opinki okhanyayo, kanye ne-lavender. Le mibala ye-pastel idala umuzwa okhanyayo nocwengekile. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umuzwa wokunethezeka, ama-gold accents (i-gilding) avame ukusetshenziswa kumafreyimu, emifanekisweni, kumaphrofayili okubumba, kanye nemininingwane ethile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-pastel negolide kudala isimo sothando kodwa sobuzwe.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuciko obuhle kwezokwakha
I-Rococo ayihlukaniseki nomdwebo wokuhlobisa kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe. Uphahla lwaluvame ukupendwa ngezindikimba zezinganekwane, izifanekiselo, noma izigcawu zasezulwini ezinamafu nezithombe zakudala. Le midwebo yayivame ukwenziwa sengathi ihlanganiswe nokuhlobisa nge-stucco, okwenza kube lukhuni ukubona imigqa phakathi kwezakhiwo nobuciko obuhle.
Izibuko ezinkulu nazo ziyisici esibalulekile. Ngaphandle kokudala umuzwa wendawo, izibuko zibonisa ukukhanya, okwenza ingaphakathi lizwakale likhanya futhi likhazimula kakhudlwana. Izibuko zivame ukwakheka ngemidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi, exutshwa namaphaneli odonga.
6. Ukugxila Okuqinile Ezangaphakathi (Izangaphakathi zeRococo)
Ochwepheshe abaningi bathi i-Rococo ifinyelele esicongweni sayo ekuklanyweni kwangaphakathi. Izindawo ezifana nezindawo zokucwala izinwele, amakamelo omculo, namakamelo amancane okwamukela izivakashi zaklanywa ngokucophelela. Amaphaneli odonga aqoshiwe ngokhuni, iminyango ehlotshisiwe, izindawo zomlilo ezihlotshisiwe, ama-chandelier ekristalu, kanye nefenisha enemilenze egobile konke kuhlangene ukudala ubuhle obuhlangene.
Ngenxa yokugxila kwayo emisebenzini yomphakathi yabantu abahloniphekile, ingaphakathi le-Rococo laklanywa ukudala isimo esimnandi nesisondelene. Izikhala kwakungadingeki zibe zinkulu; okwakubalulekile kwakuwukunethezeka kwemininingwane nenduduzo.
7. Izisusa Zemvelo Nezindikimba Zothando
Ukuthandwa kweRococo ngemvelo kubonakala ezihlotsheni zayo zezimbali, imivini yezitshalo, izinyoni, nezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokungafani neBaroque, eyayivame ukwamukela izingqikithi zenkolo noma zobuqhawe, iRococo yayivame ukwamukela izingqikithi ezilula: uthando, ukudlala, umculo, kanye nenjabulo yokuphila. Esimweni sokwakha, lezi zingqikithi zavela ngokukhetha imihlobiso nemidwebo eyayiveza isimo "esijabulisayo" nesingekho emthethweni kangako.
Ukusabalala kweRococo eYurophu
Nakuba yayisekelwe eFrance, iRococo yasakazekela ezifundeni ezahlukene zaseYurophu, okuhlanganisa iJalimane, i-Austria, i-Italy, ngisho neRussia. Kwezinye izindawo, iRococo yahlangana namasiko endawo. Isibonelo, eJalimane nase-Austria, iRococo yayivelele kakhulu emasontweni nasezindlini zezindela, inezindlu zangaphakathi ezicebile kakhulu, egcwele i-stucco emhlophe negolide, kanye nemidwebo yophahla ekhangayo kodwa elula.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eFrance uqobo, iRococo yayivame ukubonakala emahhotela amancane (izindlu zasemadolobheni ezihloniphekile) kanye nezindawo zawo zokucwala izinwele ezidumile. Lokhu kusakazeka kwabonisa ukuthi iRococo yayingeyona nje isitayela sokuhlobisa, kodwa futhi yayiyisitatimende samasiko mayelana nokunambitheka, induduzo, kanye nobuhle babantu abaphezulu besikhathi sayo.
Ifa kanye Nethonya LikaRococo
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, iRococo yaqala ukubhekwa njenge "eningi kakhulu" ngabanye. Ukuvela kweNeoclassicism kwabuyisa umoya wokuhleleka, ubulula, kanye nokuphefumulelwa ngamaGreki namaRoma. Kodwa-ke, ifa leRococo laqhubeka. Izakhiwo eziningi zeRococo manje seziyizindawo zokuvakasha kanye nezifundo ezibalulekile emlandweni wezakhiwo kanye nomklamo wangaphakathi.
Ekwakhiweni kwesimanje, izakhi ze-Rococo ngezinye izikhathi zivela njengogqozi—isibonelo, ekusetshenzisweni kwemininingwane yokuhlobisa, ama-palette e-pastel, izibuko ezinkulu, noma ama-accent egolide—yize ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa kancane ukuze zivumelane nokunambitheka kwesimanje. I-Rococo yafundisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo akugcini nje ngesakhiwo, kodwa futhi nangokuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo nokungokomzwelo ngaphakathi kwendawo.
Isiphetho
Isitayela sokwakha iRococo siwuphawu lobuhle nokunethezeka, oluhambisana nokuhlobisa okucebile, imibala ye-pastel, ukugqama kwegolide, ukuma okugobile, kanye nokuthambekela kokungalingani. Kwavela esidingweni sezenhlalo namasiko sekhulu le-18: indawo esondelene kakhulu, ekhululekile, nejabulisayo ngobuhle kunenkazimulo esemthethweni yeBaroque. Ngokugxila kakhulu ngaphakathi, iRococo yaguqula ukwakheka kwaba yisiteji esihlangene sobuciko bokuhlobisa—ukuhlanganisa ukubaza, i-stucco, ukupenda, izibuko, nokukhanya ngokuvumelana okubucayi. Kuze kube namuhla, iRococo isakhunjulwa njengenye yezitayela zokuhlobisa nezothando kakhulu emlandweni wokwakha waseYurophu.
