Indlela Yokuqonda Ithiyori Yokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zangemva Kobukoloni
Ithiyori yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngemuva kobukoloni iyindlela ebalulekile yokuqonda izakhiwo, amadolobha, nezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yomlando wobukoloni—kanye nemiphumela yayo esabonakala nanamuhla. Ayigcini nje ngokuxoxa ngezindlela nezitayela zokwakha kodwa futhi iveza ubudlelwano bamandla obusebenza ngemuva kokuklama, ukuhlela amadolobha, izinqubomgomo zentuthuko, kanye nendlela abantu ababhekana ngayo nesikhala. Kwamazwe amaningi—kufaka phakathi i-Indonesia—ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngemuva kobukoloni kubalulekile ngoba ifa lamakoloni likhona ngesimo sezakhiwo zikahulumeni, ingqalasizinda, izindawo zamadolobha amadala, kanye namaphethini okuhlukaniswa kwendawo ngokusekelwe ekilasini nasebuhlangeni. Ngakho-ke, singakuqonda kanjani ngokuhlelekile?
1. Ukuqonda "i-postcolonial" njengendlela yokufunda, hhayi nje isikhathi esithile
Iphutha elivamile ukucabanga ukuthi igama elithi “postcolonial” lisho nje ukuthi “ngemva kokuphela kobukoloni.” Ezifundweni ze-postcolonial, leli gama liqondwa ngokunembe kakhulu njengelensi ebucayi: indlela yokufunda ukuthi ubukoloni bubumba kanjani ulwazi, isiko, ubuwena, kanye nezinhlelo zezombusazwe-zomnotho—ngisho nangemva kokuphela kobukoloni obusemthethweni. Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, leli lensi liyabuza: yimuphi umklamo obhekwa “njengowesimanje” kanye “nowempucuko”? Ngubani onquma ukunambitheka kobuhle? Ngubani ozuzayo futhi ubani oncishisiwe?
Ngale ndlela, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ngemva kobukoloni akuhloli nje izakhiwo zobukoloni. Ngisho nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo okwakhiwe namuhla kungaba "kobukoloni ekucabangeni kwayo" uma kuqhubeka nokulingisa izindinganiso zangaphandle ngaphandle kokucabangela umongo wendawo, noma uma intuthuko isusa imiphakathi ethile ngenxa yesithombe sedolobha "esicocekile" "nesisemhlabeni wonke".
2. Qaphela imikhondo yamakoloni ngesimo sesikhala kanye nokuhlela amadolobha
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuqaphela ukuthi ubukoloni buhlela kanjani isikhala. Ezimweni eziningi, ubukoloni busebenza ngokumapha, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokulawula. Amadolobha ahlukaniswe ngezindawo: izindawo zokuphatha, izindawo zokuhlala eziphakeme, izindawo zezentengiselwano, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zabasebenzi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nohlanga, isigaba, kanye nokufinyelela ekuhlanzeni noma engqalasizinda.
Izimpawu zisabonakala: izikhungo zedolobha ezinezakhiwo "zefa" zivame ukuxhunyaniswa nenethiwekhi yemigwaqo emikhulu, kuyilapho amadolobhana asemadolobheni etholakala ngemuva, eceleni, noma ebhekwa "njengendle." Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngemuva kobukoloni kusimema ukuba sibone ukuthi isimo sedolobha akuyona nje imiphumela yobuhle, kodwa yinto yezombusazwe: obhekwa njengofanele ukuhlala enkabeni, ocindezelwayo emaphethelweni.
3. Qonda umqondo "wokuxubana" kanye nokuxoxisana ngamasiko
Omunye wemibono ebalulekile ezifundweni zangemva kobukoloni yi-hybridity—ingxube yamasiko evela ngenxa yokuxhumana kwamakoloni. Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, i-hybridity ibonakala ezakhiweni ezihlanganisa izinto zendawo namasu aseYurophu, izinto zokwakha, noma izitayela. Kodwa-ke, i-hybridity akuyona nje “ingxube yokuhlobisa.” Iphawula inqubo yokuxoxisana: imiphakathi yendawo iyazivumelanisa, ilingise, futhi iguqule amathonya amakoloni ukuze avumelane nesimo sezulu, amasiko, kanye nezidingo zayo.
Isibonelo, ezinye izakhiwo zamakoloni ezindaweni ezishisayo zasebenzisa amaveranda abanzi, umoya owela phansi, kanye nophahla oluphezulu—hhayi olwaseYurophu kuphela, noma olwasendaweni ngokuphelele. Ukufunda i-hybridity kusisiza sigweme izinto ezimbili ezibucayi: ukulahla yonke ifa lamakoloni njenge "yangaphandle" noma ukulidumisa lonke njenge "ifa elingenazinkinga." Ithiyori yangemva kwamakoloni ifuna ukufundwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: kukhona ukuphoqelelwa, kukhona ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, futhi kukhona ubuciko.
4. Hlukanisa "ukulondolozwa" "nothando lwamakoloni"
Izingxoxo mayelana nezakhiwo zamakoloni zivame ukuhileleka ezimweni ezimbili: ukulondoloza noma ukubhidliza. Ithiyori yokwakha ngemva kwamakoloni inikeza imibuzo ecacile: ukulondolozwa kobani, ngubani, futhi yiziphi izindaba ezakhiwayo?
Ukwenziwa kothando kwamakoloni kwenzeka lapho izakhiwo zamakoloni zethulwa nje ngokuthi "zinhle futhi zivamile," kuyilapho umlando womsebenzi ophoqelelwe, ukuhlukaniswa, noma ukuphucwa komhlaba okwenza ukwakhiwa kwazo kwaba nokwenzeka ususwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukulondolozwa okubalulekile akufihli uhlangothi olumnyama lomlando kodwa kunalokho kuhlanganisa nokuchazwa kwendawo: ngokusebenzisa iminyuziyamu, amabhodi olwazi, izinkambo zedolobha ezikhethiwe, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi. Umgomo akukhona ukuphika umlando, kodwa kunalokho ukuwuqonda ngokwethembeka nokwakha ikusasa elilinganayo.
5. Naka umkhuba "wokumelela" nokuthi ubani okhulumayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo akuthathi hlangothi; kuthwala izimpawu. Ezimweni zobukoloni, izakhiwo zikahulumeni, amahhovisi ezohwebo, amasonto, noma izinqaba zazivame ukuklanywa ukuze zibonise ukubusa: ubukhulu obukhulu, isikhundla samasu, kanye nesitayela "esimelela impucuko." Izifundo zangemva kobukoloni zisifundisa ukuthi singazichaza kanjani lezi zimpawu.
Kodwa-ke, umbuzo obalulekile uwukuthi: ubani obhala umlando wezakhiwo? Izincwadi, izingobo zomlando, kanye nemibhalo ngokuvamile kuvela ezikhungweni zobukoloni. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ngemva kobukoloni kusho nokugxeka imithombo yolwazi: okuqoshiwe, okunganakwa, kanye namazwi kabani angekho—isibonelo, izingcweti zendawo, izakhamuzi zasemakhaya, noma imiphakathi exoshiwe. Ukufunda "okungabhaliwe" kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi ngemva kobukoloni.
6. Xhumana nezinkinga zanamuhla: ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ezokuvakasha, kanye “nedolobha lomhlaba wonke”
Ithiyori yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngemuva kobukoloniyali iwusizo ekuqondeni izenzakalo zanamuhla. Amadolobha amaningi e-Asia, e-Afrika, naseLatin America ayancintisana ukwakha isithombe "sedolobha lomhlaba wonke" ngokusebenzisa izintaba eziphakeme, izindawo zokuvakasha zamagugu, noma amaphrojekthi aseceleni kolwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kungadala imisebenzi futhi kuthuthukise ingqalasizinda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kuvame ukwenzeka: izindawo ezindala "ziyahlanzwa," amanani omhlaba ayakhuphuka, futhi izakhamuzi ezindala ziyasuswa.
Ngokombono we-postcolonial, lolu hlobo lokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje lungakha uhlobo olusha lobukoloni: hhayi ngombuso obusabukoloni, kodwa ngokusebenzisa umqondo wezimali zomhlaba wonke kanye nezindinganiso zobuhle zomhlaba wonke. Umbuzo uwukuthi: ingabe intuthuko inika amandla izakhamuzi zendawo, noma imane izenze izibukeli edolobheni lakubo?
7. Sebenzisa izindlela ezisebenzayo zokufunda ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zangemva kobukoloni
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ithiyori ayigcini emiqondweni, sebenzisa lezi zinyathelo ezisebenzayo ezilandelayo lapho uhlaziya izakhiwo/izindawo:
1. Khomba umongo womlando: ukuthi yakhiwa nini, yakhiwa ngamuphi umsebenzi, ngobani, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo zezepolitiki.
2. Funda ukwakheka kanye nokufinyelela: ukuthi ubani ongangena kalula, ubani ovinjelwe, nokuthi ukulawula kwenzeka kanjani.
3. Hlola ulimi lwesimo: isitayela, isikali, ukuqondisa, izinto—lokho ofuna ukukumelela.
4. Bheka izinkomba zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo: izinguquko ezenziwe abakhi, izakhamuzi, noma imiphakathi ukuze zivumelane nesimo sezulu kanye namasiko.
5. Lalela okuhlangenwe nakho kwabasebenzisi basemkhathini: izingxoxo zabahlali, izindaba zomlomo, noma ukubonwa kwemisebenzi yansuku zonke.
6. Hlola umthelela namuhla: ingabe indawo ihlanganisa yonke indawo, yezentengiselwano, ekhethekile, noma indawo yomphakathi elinganayo.
Le ndlela isisiza sibone ukuthi ukwakheka kuyinqubo yomphakathi, hhayi nje into ebonakalayo.
8. Funda ngesimo sengqondo sokuziphatha: ukugxeka nokukhiqiza
Ukuqonda ithiyori yokwakha yangemva kobukoloni akusho ukwenqaba konke okwenziwa ngamakoloni noma "kwangaphandle." Indlela le thiyori eyikhuthazayo ibalulekile futhi iyakhiqiza: isibindi sokudalula ukungabi nabulungisa komlando ngenkathi futhi ikwazi ukwakha izinhlelo zokuklama nezinqubomgomo ezilinganayo.
Ekwenzeni izakhiwo, indlela yangemva kobukoloni ingakhuthaza umklamo ohlonipha ulwazi lwendawo, ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi ekuhleleni, ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezazingavunyelwe ngaphambili, kanye nokulondolozwa okungawufihli umlando. Usikhumbuza nokuthi "isimanje" akudingeki ukuthi kusho ukulingisa izikhungo zomhlaba; kungasho ukuthi kufaneleke, kuzinzile, futhi kuyalingana emiphakathini yendawo.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngemuva kobukoloniyali isisiza siqonde ukuthi izakhiwo namadolobha kuyirekhodi eliphilayo lomlando. Isifundisa indlela yokufunda ubudlelwano bamandla esikhaleni, ukulandelela imikhondo yobukoloniyali ekuhleleni amadolobha, kanye nokugxeka okuvame ukuxoxa izindaba zokulondolozwa ngendlela enothando kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le thiyori ivula amathuba amasha: ukucabanga ngezakhiwo ezingezinhle nje kuphela, kodwa futhi eziqaphela umlando, ezizwela ngokomongo, futhi ezibophezele ebulungiseni bezenhlalo. Ngokuqonda izakhiwo emva kobukoloniyali, sibona okungaphezu nje kwesimo—sifunda ukufunda umhlaba owawubumba.
