Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Ngokomongo Womlando Wobuciko
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kungenye yezindlela zobuciko eziyisisekelo nezisebenzayo emlandweni wempucuko yabantu. Ngokwezwi nezwi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kubhekisela kubuciko nesayensi yokuhlela, ukuklama, nokwakha izakhiwo. Kodwa-ke, okungaphezu nje kokwakhiwa okubonakalayo, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kubonisa izindinganiso zamasiko, zenkolo, zenhlalo, kanye nezobuchwepheshe zomphakathi owadala lokho. Lesi sihloko sizohlola uhambo lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngaphakathi komongo womlando wobuciko, sihlole ukuvela kwazo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya enkathini yanamuhla.
Impucuko Yasendulo: Amatshe Nonkulunkulu
Emiphakathini yasendulo, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kwakungasebenzi nje kuphela njengendawo yokuhlala noma indawo yokukhosela, kodwa futhi njengophawu olungokomoya nolwenkolo. Ama-ziggurat aseMesopotamiya kanye namaphiramidi aseGibhithe ayizibonelo eziphawulekayo zokwakheka kwezenkolo. Zombili izinhlobo zezakhiwo zazisebenzisa amatshe njengezinto zazo eziyinhloko, zakha izakhiwo ezazizinhle futhi ziqinile.
Izigodlo zaseMesopotamiya, njengaleyo ese-Uri, zakhiwa njengamathempeli anezingqimba ukuze kukhulekelwe onkulunkulu abakhulu. Izakhiwo zazo ezinezingqimba zazifana nezintaba zokwenziwa, okukholelwa ukuthi ziyizindawo zokuhlala konkulunkulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, njengemibhoshongo yaseGiza, yakhiwa njengamathuna oFaro, okubonisa inkolelo yabo ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Ukusetshenziswa kwemibhoshongo yokulinganisa okunembile kwejiyometri kwale mibhoshongo kubonisa ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe lwezibalo nobunjiniyela lwangaleso sikhathi.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zasendulo: IsiGreki NesiRoma
Impucuko yamaGreki namaRoma yathatha izakhiwo zaya ezingeni elisha lobuciko. AmaGreki aqala ukusetshenziswa kwamakholomu anezinhlu zakudala njengeDoric, i-Ionic, neCorinthian. Izakhiwo zamaGreki zingabonakala ezakhiweni ezifana neParthenon e-Athens, ezinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi u-Athena. Lezi zakhiwo zazingezinhle nje kuphela kodwa futhi zazigcwele imihlobiso kanye nezithombe ezicebile ngezimpawu zezinganekwane.
Kamuva amaRoma amukela izakhi eziningi zezakhiwo zamaGreki futhi azithuthukisa ngokwengeziwe ngamasu amasha, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwekhonkrithi kanye nekhono ekwakheni ama-arches, ama-domes, nama-basilicas. Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu yi-Pantheon, ene-dome yayo enkulu, umsebenzi wobunjiniyela ophawulekayo wesikhathi sayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Colosseum, njenge-amphitheater, yaba uphawu lobuchwepheshe bamaRoma bokwakha nokuzijabulisa.
Iminyaka Ephakathi: IsiGothic nesiRomanesque
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwangesikhathi esiphakathi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa namasonto nama-cathedral, okubonisa ukubuswa kwenkolo emphakathini waseYurophu. Isitayela samaRoma, esasibusa ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, sibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwama-arches ayindilinga, izindonga ezinde, namafasitela amancane. I-Cathedral yaseSantiago de Compostela eSpain iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo salesi sitayela.
Kodwa-ke, maphakathi nekhulu le-12, isitayela samaGothic saqala ukuthuthuka, sibonakala ngama-arches acijile, amafasitela amakhulu aqoshiwe anombala, kanye nezinsika ezindizayo, okuvumela izakhiwo ezinde nezikhanyayo. I-Notre-Dame Cathedral eParis kanye ne-Chartres Cathedral ziyizibonelo ezidumile zezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zamaGothic. Lokhu kusungulwa kwesakhiwo kwavumela izikhala zangaphakathi ezinhle kakhulu nezingaqondakali, okudala umuzwa ojulile wokujula ezindaweni zokukhulekela.
Ukuvuselelwa kanye nobuChwepheshe
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance kwavuselela izimiso zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zakudala zamaGreki nezamaRoma, kodwa kugcizelelwa kakhulu isilinganiso, ukulingana, kanye nokuvumelana. Abakhi bezakhiwo abanjengoFilippo Brunelleschi, uLeon Battista Alberti, noMichelangelo baletha ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo endaweni entsha yobuhle, bephefumulelwe yimpumelelo yesayensi kanye nokucabanga.
Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu salesi sikhathi yiFlorence Cathedral (Duomo), eyaklanywa nguBrunelleschi. I-cupola yayo enkulu yayingenye yezimangaliso zobunjiniyela zesikhathi sayo. Esinye isibonelo yiSt. Peter's Basilica eVatican, umsebenzi wokubambisana wabakhi bezakhiwo abaningana abadumile beRenaissance, obonisa inhlanganisela yomsebenzi wesonto kanye nophawu lwamandla enkolo.
I-Baroque ne-Rococo
Ngemva kweRenaissance, izakhiwo zaseYurophu zangena ezikhathini zeBaroque kanye neRococo. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zihlukile kakhulu, kodwa zabelana ngento eyodwa efanayo: zombili zagcizelela ukuxhumana phakathi kobuciko nemizwa. Izakhiwo zeBaroque zazinezici ezimangalisayo nezinkulu. Izinhlobo ezigobile, imihlobiso egqamile, kanye nokudlala kokukhanya nobumnyama kwaklanyelwe ukudala umthelela omkhulu ngokomzwelo. Isigodlo saseVersailles eFrance kanye neSt. Paul's Cathedral eLondon ziyizibonelo ezinhle zezakhiwo zeBaroque.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Rococo ivame ukuba lula, ihlobise kakhulu, futhi isondelene kakhulu. Lesi sitayela sigxile emininingwaneni emihle yokuhlobisa, imibala ye-pastel, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibuko ukudala umbono wokuthi isikhala esiningi sikhona. Isibonelo esidumile sesitayela se-Rococo yi-Palais Schönbrunn yaseVienna, esibonisa ukunethezeka nobuhle obucwengekile.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zanamuhla: Kusukela Ekusebenzeni Komsebenzi Kuya Ekubhujisweni
Ukungena ekhulwini lama-20, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwashintsha kakhulu ngokuzalwa kwenhlangano yesimanje. Abantu abanjengoLe Corbusier, uLudwig Mies van der Rohe, noFrank Lloyd Wright bachaza kabusha ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngezimiso ezintsha ezigcizelela ukusebenza, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuba lula kwesimo. ULe Corbusier, encwadini yakhe ethi "Vers une architecture," wethula umqondo "womshini wokuphila," ebhekisela ekhaya njengomshini osebenza kahle wokuphila kwansuku zonke. Izakhiwo ezifana neVilla Savoye neFallingwater zaba yizimpawu zobusimanje, zihlanganisa ukuvumelana phakathi kwesikhala, umsebenzi, kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye noshintsho kwezenhlalo, kwavela izitayela ezahlukene zokwakha ezivivinyayo nezihlukahlukene zangemva kwesimanje, njenge-Brutalism, eyagcizelela ubuhle bezinhlobo ezilukhuni ngokhonkolo oveziwe. Enye inhlangano, i-Deconstruction, eyathandwa ngabakhi bezakhiwo abanjengoFrank Gehry noZaha Hadid, yaphonsela inselelo izimiso zokwakha ngezinhlobo ezibonakala zingajwayelekile nezingavamile kodwa ezinesibindi. Izibonelo ezibalulekile zesitayela se-Deconstructionist zifaka iMyuziyamu yaseGuggenheim eBilbao kanye neSikhungo saseHeydar Aliyev eBaku.
Isiphetho
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya enkathini yesimanje, uhambo lokwakha lubonakalisa uhambo lwesiko labantu. Isikhathi ngasinye kanye nesitayela ngasinye sokwakha siphethe umyalezo waso, izindinganiso, kanye nokuhlukile, sihlanganisa umlando wobuciko ocebile nohehayo. Ukwakha akugcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezisebenzayo zokuphila kodwa futhi kusebenza njengophawu lwezifiso, ubuwena, kanye nomoya wokudala wempucuko. Ngakho-ke, ukubuka nokufunda ukwakheka kungaphezu nje kokubona izingxenye ezibonakalayo zezakhiwo; kuwumzamo wokuqonda indaba ende yempumelelo yomuntu eqoshwe etsheni, ensimbini, nasengilazini.
