Kuyini i-Expressionism ku-Architecture
I-Expressionism ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo iwukunyakaza noma indlela yokuklama egcizelela ukuvezwa kwemizwa, imicabango yangaphakathi, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo zokwakha. Ngenkathi izakhiwo zanamuhla zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokucabanga, umsebenzi, kanye nokuhleleka, i-expressionism iziveza njengezwi "elinye elinobunkondlo": ibeka phambili imibono ephawulekayo, uphawu, kanye nokuhlola izinhlobo ezingavamile ngezinye izikhathi. Ku-expressionism, izakhiwo azizona nje izitsha zomsebenzi, kodwa futhi ziyindlela yokuxhumana—njengokungathi abakhi bezakhiwo “bakhuluma” nge-geometry, izinto zokwakha, ukukhanya, kanye nesikhala.
Isizinda kanye nokuvela kokubonakaliswa kolimi
I-Expressionism njengenhlangano yobuciko yathuthuka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi eJalimane naseNyakatho Yurophu, ngenxa yoshintsho emphakathini, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezepolitiki. Ezweni lobuciko nezincwadi, i-expressionism yenqaba ukuvezwa okuqondile kweqiniso; kunalokho, yagcizelela ukuhumusha komuntu siqu, imizwa, kanye nokuqina kwemizwa. Kamuva lo moya wathonya izakhiwo.
Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ukuvezwa kwezinto kwavela kakhulu esikhathini esicishe sibe ngu-1910-1930. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bokwakha babuqala ukuthuthuka—ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, insimbi, nengilazi kwanikeza amathuba amasha. Kodwa-ke, ukuvezwa kwezinto akuzange kuvele nje ngobuchwepheshe; kwavela nesidingo sengqondo namasiko sokuthola izinhlobo ezintsha ezikwazi ukumelela ukuguquguquka kwezikhathi, ukungezwani komphakathi, ngisho nethemba lekusasa elingcono.
Lo mnyakazo wathonywa futhi ukucabanga kwe-utopian kanye nemibono emihle yomphakathi wezakhiwo, owawufuna ukuguqula izakhiwo zibe yizimoto zokuguqula umphakathi. Abanye abakhi bezakhiwo babebheka izakhiwo "njengomsebenzi wobuciko ophelele," lapho isakhiwo, imihlobiso, umklamo wangaphakathi, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwendawo kwahlangana khona ukudala umthelela onamandla wemizwa.
Izici eziyinhloko zokubonisa ubuciko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo
Nakuba i-expressionism ingenayo "isethi yemithetho" eqinile, kunezici eziningana ezivame ukuvela emisebenzini ye-expressionist:
1. Isimo esinamandla nesimangalisayo
Izakhiwo ezibonisa ukuvezwa kwemizwa zivame ukuba nemigqa egobile, ama-engeli abukhali, izakhiwo ezibonakala zihamba, noma izithunzi ezingavamile. Izinhlobo zazo zingafana namakristalu, amagagasi, imihume, noma ngisho nezidalwa eziphilayo. Umgomo awukona nje ubuhle, kodwa ukudala isimo sengqondo: ukwesaba, ukungezwani, ubungcwele, noma ikusasa.
2. Ukufanekisa kanye nesingathekiso
I-Expressionism ivame ukusebenzisa isimo njengophawu. Isakhiwo singaklanywa ukuze siveze "intaba," "umkhumbi," "iphiko," noma "umqhele." Lezi zimpawu zenza indaba yezakhiwo: idlulisa indaba, kungaba mayelana nobunikazi, ingokomoya, noma umbono wesikhathi esizayo.
3. Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nobuchwepheshe
Imisebenzi eminingi yokubonisa imizwa ihlole amakhono ezinto ezifana nokhonkolo oluqinisiwe, izitini, insimbi, futhi ikakhulukazi ingilazi. Ingilazi yayibhekwa njengento "engokomoya" neyanamuhla ngenxa yekhono layo lokubonakalisa nokudlulisa ukukhanya, okudala umphumela ocishe ube ngaphezu kowedlulele. Izakhiwo zengilazi nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zaba yindlela yokubonisa umcabango womklami.
4. Gxila kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhala kanye nomkhathi
I-Expressionism ayizange iphele ekubukekeni kwangaphandle. Yayikhathazeke kakhulu ngendlela isikhala esasibonwa ngayo: indlela ukukhanya okwangena ngayo, indlela ama-acoustic asebenza ngayo, indlela uphahla "olucindezela" noma "oluphakamisa" ngayo imizwa, kanye nendlela ukulandelana kwezikhala okwakha ngayo idrama. Ngenxa yalokho, imiklamo eminingi ye-Expressionist yazizwa iseshashalazini futhi igxile kakhulu.
5. Ukuthambekela "kwemvelo"
Ezinye izakhiwo zokubonisa zisondela ezakhiweni zezinto eziphilayo: izinhlobo ezibonakala zikhula, ziyashintshashintsha, futhi ziphefumulelwe yimvelo. Kodwa-ke, ukuveza izinto kugcizelela ukuhlanekezela kanye nokuqina ngokomzwelo, kuyilapho izakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo zivame ukugcizelela ukuvumelana nendawo ezungezile.
Izibalo ezibalulekile nemisebenzi
Izibalo eziningana nezakhiwo zivame ukukhulunywa ngazo lapho kuxoxwa ngokubonakaliswa kwemibono ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo:
UBruno Taut
UBruno Taut waziwa ngombono wakhe we-utopian kanye nomqondo "wokwakhiwa kwengilazi." Imisebenzi yakhe, njenge-Glass Pavilion (1914), ikhombisa ukuthi ingilazi ingadala kanjani isipiliyoni sendawo esingokwenkondlo. Wabhala futhi ngenkuthalo futhi waxoxa ngendima yomphakathi yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.
U-Erich Mendelsohn
Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edumile kakhulu yi-Einstein Tower ePotsdam (eyaqedwa ngo-1921). Lesi sakhiwo sivame ukubhekwa njengophawu lokubonisa imizwa ngenxa yesimo saso sepulasitiki, esigelezayo, esiveza amandla kanye nomoya wesayensi yanamuhla esasifuna ukuyimelela.
UHans Poelzig
UPoelzig waziwa ngendlela yakhe yeshashalazi kanye nendlela yakhe yokwakheka kwesimo sezulu. Uklama izakhiwo ezinaka kakhulu ulwazi lwendawo, okuhlanganisa nokusebenza kanye nezimo zangaphakathi.
Rudolf Steiner
USteiner waklama iGoetheanum eDornach, eSwitzerland, isakhiwo esinesimo esiqinile sobuciko kanye nefilosofi engokomoya. Lo msebenzi uvame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-Expressionism ngoba wenqaba izinhlobo zakudala kanye nemizamo yokudala ulwazi lwendawo olucabangayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhi bezakhiwo abaningana kamuva abazokwaziwa ngokuthi ama-modernists nabo bathinte imibono ye-expressionist ezigabeni zabo zokuqala. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-expressionism yayingeyona "ibhokisi elivaliwe," kodwa yayiyingxenye yengxoxo enkulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20.
Ukuvezwa komqondo vs ubusimanje: kuyaphikisana noma kuyasimeme?
I-Expressionism ivame ukubonakala iphambene ne-"international style" modernism, eyayigcizelela ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezinhlobo ezilula zejometri. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kokubili kwakungavumelani ngempela. I-Expressionism empeleni yasiza ekuvuleni ithuba lokuthi izakhiwo zesimanje akudingeki zibe bandayo noma zifane. Yacebisa ulimi lwesimo sesimanje ngemizwa, ukuhlola, kanye nesibindi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eminye imisebenzi yokubonisana kwakunzima ukuyifeza ngesikhathi sayo ngenxa yemikhawulo yesabelomali kanye neyobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, eminye imibono yokuvezana ikhona kakhulu emidwebweni, emidwebweni, eziphakamisweni, kanye nasezingxoxweni. Noma kunjalo, ithonya labo lihlala libonakala futhi livela emagagasini ahlukahlukene ezakhiwo zanamuhla.
Ithonya le-expressionism ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla
Nakuba isikhathi "sakudala" sokukhuluma senzeka kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, umoya waso uyavuka ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla. Izakhiwo eziningi zamanje zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bedijithali, ukumodela kwe-parametric, kanye nezinto ezithuthukisiwe ukudala izinhlobo ezivezayo nezithinta imizwa.
Kulo mongo, ukuveza imibono kungaqondwa hhayi nje njengesitayela somlando, kodwa njengendlela yokucabanga: ukwakheka kwezakhiwo njengokuhlangenwe nakho okuthinta izinzwa, ubuwena, kanye nomcabango. Iminyuziyamu enezinhlobo ezidumile, izikhungo zobuciko bokudlala idrama, noma izakhiwo zomphakathi eziklanywe njengezimpawu zedolobha—konke kungabhekwa njengokunomoya wokuveza imibono, noma ngabe kwadalwa ngendlela ehlukile kwezobuchwepheshe nangaphakathi kwezidingo zenkathi ehlukile.
Ukugxekwa kanye nezinselele
I-Expressionism iheha nokugxekwa. Ngenxa yokugxila kwayo efomini nasemizweni, isengozini yokubonwa njengokunganaki ukusebenza kahle, ukulungiswa, noma induduzo. Ezinye izakhiwo ezivezayo zidinga izindleko ezinkulu nobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezivelele kakhulu zingasunduza izakhiwo endaweni "yezinto zesithombe" nje kunezindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo.
Nansi inselele yomklami: indlela yokugcina ibhalansi phakathi kokuvezwa kobuciko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo kumsebenzisi, imvelo, kanye nomongo wezenhlalo. Ukuvezwa okuvuthiwe akuyona nje "okungavamile" noma "okumangalisayo," kodwa kunalokho kunesizathu somqondo kanye nekhwalithi yendawo enenjongo ngempela.
Isiphetho
I-Expressionism ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo iyindlela ebeka imizwa, uphawu, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu enkabeni yomklamo. Yavela emoyeni wesikhathi esishintshayo, isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuveza imibono ngezinye izikhathi eyayiyinto engavamile, ngezinye izikhathi engokomoya, futhi evame ukuba yinto exakile. Ngezinhlobo eziguquguqukayo, ukudlala kokukhanya, izinto ezihloliwe, kanye nezikhala zomkhathi, i-expressionism ibonise ukuthi ukwakheka kungaba ulimi lwemizwa—hhayi umshini osebenzayo nje kuphela.
Ekugcineni, ukuqonda ukuveza imibono kusisiza ukuthi sibone izakhiwo hhayi nje njengezakhiwo, kodwa njengemisebenzi engakhuluma nabantu: ivuse umcabango, yakha ubuwena, futhi idale okuhlangenwe nakho okujulile kwendawo. Ngenkathi i-modernism ifundisa isiyalo kanye nokucabanga, ukuveza imibono kwasikhumbuza ukuthi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo nakho kudinga umphefumulo.
