Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Kwangemva Kwesimanje: Ukugubha Ukwehlukahluka Nokuhluka Komklamo
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje kwavela njengokusabela ezimisweni eziqinile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingahlanzekile zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje ezazibusa ikhulu lama-20. Lo mnyakazo, owavela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 futhi wachuma ngawo-1970 nawo-1980, ugubha ukwehlukahlukana, ukuphambana, kanye nobuningi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umlando, izici ezibalulekile, kanye nezibonelo ezivelele zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje, kanye nomthelela wazo emkhakheni wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo uwonke.
Umlando kanye Nesizinda
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje, okuphefumulelwe kakhulu yizimiso zeBauhaus neLe Corbusier, kugcizelele ubulula, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ezifana nensimbi nengilazi. Kodwa-ke, emashumini eminyaka alandela iMpi Yezwe II, abakhi abaningi baqala ukuzizwa sengathi ukunyakaza kwakunzima kakhulu futhi kwakungavumeli indawo eyanele yokubonakaliswa komuntu ngamunye kanye nomongo.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwangemva kwesimanje kwavela njengokusabela kulezi zimingcele. URobert Venturi, omunye wabasunguli benhlangano, wakhuthaza isidingo sokuba yinkimbinkimbi nokuphikisana kwezakhiwo. Incwadi yakhe ephawulekayo, ethi “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture” (1966), yaba yi-manifesto eyayiphonsela inselelo izimfundiso zobusimanje futhi yavula indlela yobuhle obusha, obuhlanganisa konke nobuhlukahlukene.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zangemva Kwesimanje
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwangemva kwesimanje kuwukugujwa kokwehlukahluka ngesimo, umbala, kanye nencazelo. Izici eziningana ezibalulekile zikuhlukanisa nokunyakaza kwangaphambilini.
1. I-Eclecticism: Esikhundleni sokulandela isitayela esisodwa, ukwakheka kwe-postmodern kuhlanganisa izinto nezitayela ezivela ezikhathini namasiko ahlukene. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukwakha ama-facade ahlanganisa izinto zakudala nezinto zesimanje noma inhlanganisela yokuhlobisa kwendabuko kanye nokwakheka kwejometri yesimanje.
2. Imihlobiso kanye Nezimpawu: Ngokungafani nokuhlobisa okuncane kwesimanje, ukwakheka kwesimanje kuvame ukucebile ngokuhlobisa. Lezi zinto azigcini nje ngokuhlobisa kodwa futhi zigcwele izimpawu, ngokuvamile zibhekisela ezimweni ezithile zomlando noma zamasiko.
3. Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Nezingafani: Esinye isici sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile, ezivame ukuphambene. Lokhu kungabonakala ekwakheni izinhlaka zobuso ezihlanganisa izimo ezahlukene zejometri ezibonakala zingajwayelekile kodwa zidala ukuvumelana okubonakalayo.
4. Imibala Egqamile: Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje akwesabi ukusebenzisa imibala egqamile nehlaba umxhwele. Le mibala ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ubuhle besakhiwo kodwa futhi inikeza ubunjalo obuqinile nobuqondakala kalula.
5. Dlala ngomongo: Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje kuvame ukufuna ukusebenzisana nomongo wazo wezemvelo, kungaba ngokubeka izakhiwo, ubudlelwano bazo nendawo ezizungezile, noma ingxoxo yazo nezakhiwo ezikhona.
Izibonelo Ezivelele Zokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Kwangemva Kwesimanje
Ezinye izibonelo zezakhiwo zesimanje ezidumile emhlabeni wonke zibonisa izici ezingenhla futhi zibonisa indlela ukwakheka kwesimanje okushiye ngayo uphawu emadolobheni ahlukahlukene.
1. I-Piazza d'Italia, eNew Orleans: Yaklanywa nguCharles Moore ngo-1978, i-Piazza d'Italia iyisibonelo esivame ukucashunwa sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje. Ihlanganisa izakhi zakudala zase-Italy nemibala egqamile nezinto zesimanje, i-piazza isibe uphawu lwe-postmodernism ngobuhle bayo obuhlukahlukene kanye nophawu olunamandla.
2. Isakhiwo se-AT&T (manje esiyiSony Tower), eNew York: Saklanywa nguPhilip Johnson noJohn Burgee, lesi sakhiwo saqedwa ngo-1984. Isici saso esihlukile "i-Chippendale top," uphahla olufana nokuhlobisa ifenisha yakudala yaseNgilandi. Lesi sakhiwo sibonisa indlela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zesimanje okungavuselela ngayo izinto zendabuko esimweni sesimanje.
3. Isakhiwo sasePortland, ePortland: Saklanywa nguMichael Graves futhi saqedwa ngo-1982, iSakhiwo sasePortland singomunye umsebenzi odumile wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje. Ngokusebenzisa kwayo imibala ngesibindi kanye nokwakheka kwejometri okuhlukahlukene, lesi sakhiwo sibonisa indlela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje okunganikeza ngayo ubunikazi obubonakalayo obuqinile bezakhiwo zikahulumeni.
4. Indawo yokuhlala yaseGehry, eSanta Monica: Le ndawo yokuhlala yangasese eyenziwe ngumklami wezakhiwo uFrank Gehry iyisibonelo sokuqala sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo okusekelwe ekuqedeni izakhiwo, okuyisikole esincane se-postmodernism. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwezinto ezingavamile njengensimbi ehlanganisiwe, ukhuni, nengilazi, iGehry Residence ibonisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-postmodern kungawuchaza kanjani kabusha umqondo wekhaya.
Umthelela Nokugxekwa
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwangemva kwesimanje kube nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni wezakhiwo ngokukhuthaza ukuvuleleka, ukuhlola, kanye nokwehlukahlukana ekuklanyweni. Abaklami abasebasha baphefumulelwa ukuhlola imingcele emisha nokuchaza kabusha isikhala futhi bakheke ngaphakathi komongo obanzi.
Kodwa-ke, njenganoma yikuphi ukunyakaza, ukwakheka kwesimanje nakho kuye kwabhekana nokugxekwa. Abanye abagxeki bathi ukwakheka kwezakhiwo okuhlukahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kokuhlobisa kungaholela ekudidekeni nasekulahlekelweni kokubonakala komongo kwezakhiwo. Kukhona nokukhathazeka ngokuthi uphawu olusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesimanje ngezinye izikhathi luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma kunzima ukuthi umphakathi uluqonde.
Ikusasa Lokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Kwangemva Kwesimanje
Nakuba umvuthwandaba wayo wawusekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, izimiso zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje zisasebenza nanamuhla. Enkathini lapho ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nobuchwepheshe kuqhubeka nokuguqula isimo samadolobha, ukuhlukahluka kanye nobuningi obugqanyiswe ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje kungaba umthombo wokuphefumulela ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezintsha.
Abaklami bezakhiwo banamuhla bavame ukuhlanganisa izinto zesimanjemanje nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nokucabanga okusimeme ukuze bakhe imiklamo engemihle nje kuphela kodwa futhi esebenzayo futhi enobungani nemvelo. Isibonelo, amaphrojekthi okwakha aluhlaza ahlanganisa izinto zemvelo nomklamo wesimanje angabonakala njengokuqhubeka komoya wokuhlola kanye nokwehlukahluka okukhuthazwa ukwakhiwa kwesimanjemanje.
Isiphetho
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanjemanje kuyinhlangano eyaletha umbala omusha nokuphila okusha emhlabeni wezakhiwo ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokugubha ukuhlukahluka, ukungafani, kanye nobuningi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanjemanje kuye kwavula indlela yokuveza ubuciko obubanzi nobunzulu. Naphezu kokubhekana nokugxekwa, ithonya lazo lisazwakala nanamuhla, futhi izimiso zalo zisasebenza ekubhekaneni nezinselele zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje. Njengoba kufundiswe ngabasunguli benhlangano, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kumayelana nokuhlela izinto ezahlukahlukene zibe ukuvumelana okungekuhle nje kuphela kodwa futhi okunikeza incazelo kanye nobunikazi kubantu abahlala kuzo.
