Iminikelo Yezinto Ezivubukulayo Esayensini Yezokwelapha
Isayensi yezinto zakudala kanye nezokwelapha kungase kubonakale njengemikhakha emibili ehlukene ngokuphelele, kodwa empeleni kuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlola nokuqonda umlando wempilo yabantu. Ngocwaningo lwezinto zakudala, ososayensi bangathola ubufakazi obunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezifo zangaphambilini, ukwelashwa, kanye nempilo yomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthi izinto zakudala zibe negalelo elikhulu kanjani kwezokwelapha, kusukela ekutholakaleni kwezifo zasendulo kuya emikhubeni yokwelapha yendabuko.
Ukutholakala Kwezifo Zasendulo
Isayensi yemivubukulo idlale indima ebalulekile ekuboneni izifo ezazithinta abantu esikhathini esidlule. Ngezifundo zamathambo kanye ne-paleopathological, izazi zemivubukulo zingathola izimpawu zomzimba zezifo ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwamathambo kungaveza ukuba khona kwezifo ezifana ne-arthritis, isifo sofuba kanye ne-syphilis. Lezi zimpawu zesifo zinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nendlela ezasakazeka futhi zathinta ngayo imiphakathi yasendulo.
Isibonelo, ukutholakala kwezidumbu ezifuywayo ezivela eGibhithe lasendulo kunikeze ukuqonda okumangalisayo ngezifo kanye nemikhuba yezokwelapha. Lezi zidumbu ezifuywayo zibonisa ubufakazi besifo senhliziyo, izimpethu ezidla amagciwane, ngisho nokuhlinzwa okuthile. Izifundo zezidumbu ezifuywayo zibonise ukuba khona kwe-atherosclerosis, ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi isifo senhliziyo akuyona nje inkinga yesimanje kodwa sesikhona izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Kwezinye izimo, izazi zemivubukulo ziye zathola ubufakazi bezifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezabhubhisa umphakathi wasendulo. Lokhu okutholiwe kunikeza ukuqonda kokuthi lezi zifo zavela futhi zasakazeka kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo imiphakathi yasendulo engase izithathe ukulwa nokuqubuka kwalesi sifo. Ucwaningo lwalezi zifo eziwumshayabhuqe zasendulo lubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi izifo ezithelelanayo zisebenza kanjani nokuthi singazibhekana kanjani nazo esikhathini esizayo.
Izifundo ze-Paleopathology
I-Paleopathology, igatsha lezinto zakudala eligxile ekucwaningweni kwezifo ezikhathini zasendulo nezomlando, libe negalelo elikhulu kwisayensi yezokwelapha. Ngokuhlaziya amathambo nezicubu ezithambile ezivela ezinsaleleni zabantu, izazi ze-paleopathology zingaxilonga izifo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane kamuva.
Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu ucwaningo lwe-“Ice Man” Ötzi, olutholakala ezintabeni zase-Alps phakathi kwe-Austria ne-Italy. U-Ötzi, owayephila cishe eminyakeni engu-5,300 edlule, unikeza ulwazi oluningi mayelana nempilo nezifo ngesikhathi seNkathi Yethusi. Ukuhlaziywa komzimba wakhe kwembule izimpawu zezimo ezifana ne-arthritis, isifo se-Lyme, nezinkinga zamazinyo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwembule nama-tattoo angaba izimpawu zokwelapha i-acupuncture kwasekuqaleni.
Izinto ezitholwe kanje azinikezi nje kuphela ulwazi ngempilo yomuntu ngamunye kodwa futhi nezimo zemvelo nezenhlalo zangaleso sikhathi. Lolu lwazi lunganikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile zokuqonda ukuthi abantu bazivumelanisa kanjani nezifo nokuthi izinguquko zemvelo zathinta kanjani impilo yabantu eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane.
Imithi Yendabuko Neyemithi
Isayensi yemivubukulo nayo inegalelo ekuqondeni imithi yendabuko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zamakhambi kwezokwelapha. Imiphakathi yasendulo yayivame ukusebenzisa izitshalo zokwelapha ukwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene, futhi eminye yale mikhuba isasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Ngokumba izindawo zasendulo, izazi zemivubukulo zithole ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha, okuhlinzeka ngolwazi lwezokwelapha lwasendulo.
Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela zamakhemikhali ezintweni zakudala zemithi ezivela eGibhithe naseGrisi kuye kwembula ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha ezahlukahlukene. Izitshalo ezifana ne-opium, i-mandrake, ne-belladonna zazivame ukusetshenziswa emithini yokwelapha namafutha okwelapha ukugula nokuqeda ubuhlungu. Ngokufanayo, ukumba ezindaweni zempucuko yasendulo eMelika, njengeMaya ne-Inca, kwembule ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha ezifana ne-coca ne-peyote.
Lolu lwazi alugcini nje ngokuwusizo ekuqondeni umlando wezokwelapha kodwa futhi lungakha isisekelo socwaningo lwezokwelapha lwesimanje. Imithi eminingi yesimanje yasungulwa ngezitshalo zokwelapha ezisetshenziswa kakade yimiphakathi yasendulo. Ngokutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha ngokomlando, ososayensi bangathola amakhemikhali amasha anamandla okusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha zesimanje.
Ukulimala Nokuhlinzwa Kwasendulo
Isayensi yemivubukulo iphinde inikeze ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nemikhuba yokuhlinzwa kanye nokwelashwa kokuhlukumezeka emiphakathini yasendulo. Ngokuhlaziya izinsalela zamathambo abantu, singafunda ukuthi le miphakathi yayisingatha kanjani ukulimala kanye nokuhlinzwa. Kwamanye amasiko, i-craniotomy noma i-trepanation (ukwenza imbobo ekhanda) yayenziwa ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekwelapheni ukulimala ekhanda kuya emasikweni angokomoya.
Ukutholakala kwama-skull anezimpawu zokuthi aphulukisiwe kusikisela ukuthi ezinye iziguli zasinda kule nqubo. Lokhu kunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi abantu basendulo babenolwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-anatomy kanye namasu okuhlinza okwanele ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi. EGibhithe lasendulo, kunobufakazi bemikhuba yokuhlinza efana nokunqunywa kwezitho ngamasu ayinkimbinkimbi, okubonisa ulwazi olubanzi lwe-anatomy yomuntu kanye nokuphela kokuphuma kwegazi.
Lokhu kuqonda kunezela ekuqondeni kwethu ukuthi ukuphathwa kwezingozi kanye nokuhlinzwa kwavela kanjani eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, kanye nendlela imiphakathi yasendulo eyathuthukisa ngayo amasu ayenza yakwazi ukubhekana nokulimala kanye nezifo.
I-DNA Yasendulo Nezifo Zofuzo
Izifundo zofuzo ngezinsalela zabantu basendulo nazo zivule iminyango emisha yokuqonda izifo zofuzo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yasendulo, ososayensi bangakwazi ukubona izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nezifo ezithile futhi balandelele imvelaphi yazo.
Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yama-mummy aseGibhithe kwembule ukusabalala kwezakhi zofuzo ezihlotshaniswa nezimo ezahlukene zempilo, okuhlanganisa ukungabekezelelani ne-lactose kanye nomalaleveva. Lolu cwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo alugcini nje ngokusiza ekutholeni izifo zezakhi zofuzo kubantu basendulo kodwa futhi lunganikeza ukuqonda kokuthi izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ziguquke futhi zasakazeka kanjani kubantu abahlukene.
Lokhu okutholwe kubaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha zanamuhla, njengoba kusisiza siqonde isisekelo sezakhi zofuzo zezifo nokuthi izici zofuzo zixhumana kanjani nendawo ezungezile. Lolu cwaningo lungaphinde lunikeze izinkomba mayelana nokuthi izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ezizuzisayo zingathonya kanjani impilo yabantu kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zemvelo.
I-Forensic Archaeology kanye Nezifundo Ezivela Esikhathini Esidlule
I-Forensic archaeology, igatsha elikhethekile le-archaeology, inikeza izindlela eziwusizo zokuxazulula izimfihlakalo zezokwelapha zanamuhla ngokutadisha amacala esikhathi esidlule. Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-forensic kwezinsalela zabantu ezivela ezindaweni ze-archaeological kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nembangela yokufa, ukulimala, ngisho nokuziphatha kobugebengu.
Lolu cwaningo alugcini nje ngokusiza ekuqondeni umlando wezokwelapha kodwa futhi lunezinzuzo ezisebenzayo ezimweni zanamuhla. Amasu athuthukiswe ekuvubukuleni kwe-forensic avame ukusetshenziswa kwisayensi ye-forensic yesimanje ukusiza ekuphenyweni kwezokwelapha nobugebengu. Ukufunda amacala esikhathi esidlule kunikeza nezifundo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuthi izifo nokulimala kubathinta kanjani abantu, kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziswayo ukubhekana nawo.
Isiphetho
Umnikelo wezinto zakudala kwisayensi yezokwelapha awunakweqiswa. Kusukela ekutholakaleni ngezifo zasendulo kanye nemikhuba yokwelapha kuya ekuhlaziyweni kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala, izinto zakudala zinikeza ukuqonda okubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokutadisha isikhathi esidlule, asiqondi nje kuphela umlando wempilo yabantu kanye nezifo kodwa futhi sinikeza isisekelo sokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuthola kwezokwelapha. Ukubambisana phakathi kwezinto zakudala kanye nezokwelapha kunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, okusenza sikwazi ukuqonda kangcono uhambo lwempilo yabantu kusukela esikhathini esidlule kuze kube manje.
