I-Stratigraphy Ezifundweni Zemivubukulo
I-Stratigraphy ingenye yemiqondo eyisisekelo kakhulu ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala, ikakhulukazi ekumbeni. Kalula nje, i-stratigraphy ifunda izendlalelo zenhlabathi kanye nenhlabathi ezakheka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwabavubukuli, lezi zendlalelo azigcini nje ngokuqoqwa kwenhlabathi, kodwa kunalokho "ziyi-archives" eziqopha imisebenzi yabantu, izinguquko zemvelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo, ngisho nezinqubo zesimo sezulu. Ngokuqonda i-stratigraphy, abavubukuli bangachaza ukulandelana kwezehlakalo ezedlule: okwenzeka kuqala, okwenzeka kamuva, nokuthi lezi zehlakalo zihlobene kanjani.
Incazelo kanye nesisekelo se-stratigraphy
Igama elithi stratigraphy livela kumagama athi stratum (ungqimba) kanye ne-graphy (incazelo). Esimweni se-geological, i-stratigraphy isetshenziselwa ukuqonda umlando woMhlaba ngokusebenzisa izingqimba zamadwala kanye nenhlabathi. I-archaeology isebenzisa izimiso ezifanayo, kodwa ukugxila kwayo kuqondile kakhulu: ukutadisha izingqimba ezihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu (ama-deposits amasiko) kanye nezinqubo zemvelo ezithinta izindawo. Izingqimba ze-archaeological zivame ukuba nengxube yenhlabathi, umlotha, imfucumfucu yokwakha, imfucumfucu yasekhaya, izingcezu zobumba, amathambo, amalahle, nezinye izinto ezahlukahlukene eziye zangcwatshwa futhi zashintshwa.
Isimiso esiyinhloko se-stratigraphy esibalulekile ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala umthetho we-superposition: ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, izendlalelo eziphansi ngokuvamile zindala kunezo ezingaphezulu kwazo. Kodwa-ke, izazi zemivubukulo ziphinde zicabangele ukuphazamiseka okufana nokumbiwa ngabantu bangaphambilini, izimpande zezitshalo, umsebenzi wezilwane, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, izikhukhula, noma ukwakhiwa kwesimanje okungaguqula noma kuxube izendlalelo.
Kungani i-stratigraphy ibalulekile ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala?
I-Stratigraphy isiza abavubukuli ukuthi bakhe uhlelo lokulandelana kwezikhathi oluhlobene, ukulandelana kwesikhathi okusekelwe endaweni yezendlalelo ngaphandle kokwazi usuku oluqondile. Ngokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izendlalelo ezindala nezincane, abavubukuli bangabeka izinto zobuciko nezici (isib., iziko, imigodi, imisele, izitezi zesakhiwo) esimweni sazo sesikhathi. Lo mongo ubalulekile ekuchazeni. Itshe lebumba elitholakala ebusweni ngaphandle komongo we-stratigraphic lingaba yinto ekhululekile, kodwa uma litholakala ongqimbeni oluthile oluhlotshaniswa nephansi lendlu noma lekhishi, okutholakele kunikeza izinkomba mayelana nendlela yokuphila, ubuchwepheshe, ngisho namanethiwekhi okuhweba.
Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuboneni isigaba sokuhlala sendawo. Izindawo eziningi azihlalwa kanye kuphela; zingabhekana nokuqashwa okuphindaphindiwe, ukwakhiwa kabusha, ukushiswa, ukushiywa, kanye nokuphinda kuhlalwe. Izendlalelo ezakhiwe yilezi zinqubo zingaveza izinguquko emaphethini okuhlala, izinhlobo zemisebenzi, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko.
Isendlalelo samasiko kanye nesendlalelo semvelo
Ezifundweni zemivubukulo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezibanzi zezinsalela: izingqimba zemvelo kanye nezingqimba zamasiko. Izingqimba zemvelo zifaka phakathi izinsalela ezivela ezikhukhuleni, ukudilika komhlaba, ukuguguleka kwamadwala, noma ukususwa komoya. Izingqimba zamasiko zakhiwa imisebenzi yabantu, njengokulahlwa kwemfucuza, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, ukugcwaliswa kwephansi, noma ukushiswa kwezinsalela.
Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili awucaci ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinsalela zezikhukhula, isibonelo, zingamboza izindawo zokuhlala futhi "zivalele" izingqimba zamasiko, ziqinisekise ukulondolozwa kwazo okufanele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebenzi yabantu njengokumba imisele noma izisekelo ingaphazamisa izingqimba zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-stratigraphic kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezici zengqimba: umbala, ukuthungwa, ubuningi, okuqukethwe kwezinto, kanye nemingcele.
Umqondo womongo kanye namayunithi e-stratigraphic
Emikhubeni yesimanje yokuvubukula, i-stratigraphy ivame ukuhlukaniswa ibe amayunithi abizwa ngokuthi izimo noma amayunithi e-stratigraphic. Umongo ungaba ungqimba olulodwa lomhlabathi, umgodi, ukugcwaliswa, noma isici esithile. Umongo ngamunye uqoshwa ngokuningiliziwe: indawo yawo, ukujiya, ubudlelwano nezinye izimo, kanye nokutholakele okuhlobene. Le ndlela isiza abavubukuli ukuthi bakhe kabusha ukulandelana kwemicimbi ngokunemba okukhulu kunokumane "ungqimba oluphezulu" kanye "nongqimba oluphansi."
Kusukela kulawa manothi angokomongo, abavubukuli bangakha iHarris Matrix, umdwebo obonisa ubudlelwano be-stratigraphic phakathi kwamayunithi: okungaphezu kwalokho okukhona, okunqamula, kanye nokuthi yikuphi okungokwesimanje. IHarris Matrix iwusizo kakhulu ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njengemizi yasendulo, izinqaba, noma izindawo zokuhlala eziye zakhiwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Izindlela zokumba ezisekelwe ku-stratigraphy
Ukumba kwezinto zakudala kungcono kulandele i-stratigraphy yemvelo: izendlalelo zimba ngayinye ngayinye, zilandela imingcele yazo yokuqala. Le ndlela ihlukile ekumba amathe (ngezikhathi ezithile zobukhulu, isibonelo, amasentimitha ayi-10), okuvame ukusetshenziswa lapho izendlalelo zingacacile noma ukuze kulawulwe ngendlela ejwayelekile. Ukumba i-stratigraphy kudinga ikhono lokubona izinguquko ngezinye izikhathi ezicashile kakhulu enhlabathini.
Lapho bemba, abavubukuli basebenzisa amathuluzi anjengezitsha zokudonsa amanzi, amabhulashi, kanye nezisefo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphuthelwa yizinto ezincane zobuciko. Iphrofayili yodonga lokumba iyahlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ibekwe kanjani. Le phrofayili ingadwetshwa ngesandla noma iskenwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-photogrammetry kanye ne-3D mapping.
Izinqubo zokwakheka kwesiza
I-Stratigraphy ayigcini nje ngokuqopha ukulandelana kwemicimbi kodwa futhi nezinqubo okwakhiwa ngazo indawo. Izinqubo zamasiko zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa, ukulahlwa, ukubhujiswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto. Izinqubo zemvelo zifaka phakathi ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, umsebenzi wamagciwane, kanye nokuthuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo (ukuphazamiseka yizilwane noma izimpande). Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ukuvimbela abavubukuli ekuchazeni kabi okutholakele. Isibonelo, izinto ezenziwe ngezingqimba ezincane kungenzeka ukuthi "zashelela" ngenxa yemigodi yezilwane, kunokuba kube ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngabantu ngaleso sikhathi.
I-Stratigraphy kanye nokuqomisana
I-Stratigraphy ngokuyinhloko ihlinzeka ngokuqoqwa kwezikhathi okuhlobene, kodwa ingahlanganiswa nokuqoqwa kwezikhathi okuqondile ukuze kukhiqizwe ukulandelana kwezikhathi okuqinile. Isibonelo, amalahle avela kungqimba oluthile angalinganiswa nge-radiocarbon ukuze kutholakale ubudala bawo obuphelele. Izingqimba zomlotha wentaba-mlilo zingabonakala ngokuhlaziywa kwe-tephra futhi zihlotshaniswe nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kosuku olwaziwayo. Izinto ezithile zobuciko, njengezitayela zobumba noma izinhlamvu zemali ezihlukile, zingasebenza njengezimpawu zesikhathi uma ukuphindaphindeka kwazo sekuqondwa.
Uma idatha ye-stratigraphic kanye ne-absolute dating isekelana, ukuhumusha kuba okukholisayo kakhulu. Uma kuvela ukungafani—isibonelo, imiphumela ye-radiocarbon emidala kunokulindelekile—abavubukuli kumele bahlole ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukungcoliswa kwesampula, ukuxubana kwezingqimba, noma ukuchazwa kabi komongo.
Izinselele ekuhlaziyweni kwe-stratigraphic
Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, i-stratigraphy iletha izinselele. Okokuqala, imingcele yezendlalelo ayicaci ngaso sonke isikhathi; izinguquko zombala wenhlabathi zingaba zicashile futhi zilandelana. Okwesibili, ukuphazamiseka kwesimanje njengemisebenzi yezolimo, intuthuko, kanye nokuphanga kungaphazamisa isakhiwo esinezendlalelo. Okwesithathu, imibhalo enganembile ingenza idatha ye-stratigraphy ibe nzima ukuyisebenzisa kabusha. Ngakho-ke, ukuqoshwa okuhlelekile kubalulekile: izithombe, imidwebo yephrofayili, izincazelo zenhlabathi, izixhumanisi zokuthola, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwamayunithi kumele kuqoshwe ngokuhlelekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhumusha kwe-stratigraphic nakho kuthonywa ulwazi. Abavubukuli ababili bangabona ukuhlukaniswa kwezingqimba okuhlukile uma kungekho zindinganiso zokurekhoda ezicacile. Ngakho-ke, ukuqeqeshwa kwensimu kanye nokusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zencazelo yenhlabathi—njengesilinganiso sombala saseMunsell, ukuhlukaniswa kokuthungwa kwenhlabathi, kanye namarekhodi okufakwa—kuyasiza.
Isiphetho
I-Stratigraphy iyisisekelo sokumba kwezinto zakudala ngoba inikeza uhlaka lokuqonda ukulandelana kwezikhathi kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezehlakalo endaweni. Ngokufunda izendlalelo zomhlabathi njengomlando, abavubukuli bangakha kabusha ukuguquguquka kwezindawo zokuhlala, ushintsho lwamasiko, ukusebenzisana kwabantu nendawo ezungezile, kanye nezinqubo ezakha indawo ibe yisimo sayo samanje. Empeleni, i-stratigraphy idinga ukunemba okuphezulu, imibhalo ephelele, kanye nekhono lokuhlaziya izinqubo zamasiko nezemvelo. Uma kuhlanganiswa nezindlela zanamuhla zokuqopha kanye namasu okubhala, i-stratigraphy ivumela abavubukuli ukuba badlule nje ekutholeni izinto zakudala ukuze baqonde indaba yesikhathi esidlule ngokugcwele nangokuzibophezela.
