Izindima Zobulili Emlandweni Nasemivubukulweni Yezinto Eziphilayo
I-Pendahuluan
Impikiswano ngezindima zobulili emlandweni kanye nasemivubukulweni seyibe yisihloko esibalulekile nesikhulayo ezifundweni zezemfundo. Sekuyisikhathi eside, umlando ubhalwa futhi uhunyushwa ngelensi ebuswa ngabesilisa, kanti iminikelo eminingi yabesifazane ivame ukunganakwa noma ilula. Ekuvubukuleni, lokhu kubonakala nasekuchazeni izinto zobuciko kanye nezinsalela zezinto ezibonakalayo. Izifundo zabesifazane zilethe izinguquko ezibalulekile endleleni esiqonda ngayo isikhathi esidlule, zisiza ekwembuleni izici ezintsha zezindima zobulili emiphakathini yomlando kanye neyasendulo.
Umlando Wokuqala Wezifundo Zobulili
Izifundo zobulili emlandweni zaqala ukuvela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengengxenye yenhlangano yabesifazane. Izazi zezemfundo zaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi abesifazane babevame ukungabonakali ezindabeni zomlando zendabuko. Isibonelo, izincwadi eziningi zomlando ziqokomisa izindima zamakhosi abesilisa, ojenene, nabaholi, kodwa azikhulumi kakhulu ngezindima zabesifazane kwezepolitiki, kwezomnotho, nasemphakathini. Lokhu kuqwashisa kwavusa ucwaningo olwengeziwe, olwembula ukuthi abesifazane benze iminikelo ebalulekile kodwa evame ukungabonakali.
Izindima Zobulili Emiphakathini Yangaphambi Komlando
Emiphakathini yasendulo , njengemiphakathi yabazingeli nabaqoqi noma imiphakathi yezolimo zakuqala, izindima zobulili zivame ukuhunyushwa ngokusekelwe kokutholakele kwezinto zakudala. Ukuqagela okujwayelekile kuvame ukuholela abacwaningi ekuphetheni ngokuthi amadoda ayengabazingeli kanti abesifazane babengabaqoqi noma abanikazi bamakhaya. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluseduze lubonisa ukuthi izindima zobulili emiphakathini yasendulo zaziguquguquka futhi zihlukahlukene.
Izifundo ze-ethnographic zibonisa ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kobulili kwabasebenzi kuyaguquguquka kakhulu futhi kuncike ezidingweni namakhono abantu ngabanye emphakathini. Isibonelo, kweminye imiphakathi yanamuhla yabazingeli nabaqoqi, abesifazane nabo badlala indima ekuzingeleni nasekulungiseleleni ukudla. Ukutholakala kwamathuluzi athile ahlotshaniswa nabesifazane ezimweni zasendulo nakho kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi babenezindima eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokubuthana nje.
Izindima Zobulili Emiphakathini Yasendulo
Njengoba singena ezikhathini zomlando ngemibhalo ebhaliwe, njengeMesopotamiya, iGibhithe, iGrisi Yasendulo, neRoma, siqala ukubona ubufakazi obengeziwe bezindima zobulili. EMesopotamiya, isibonelo, abesifazane bayaziwa ukuthi badlale izindima ezibalulekile zenkolo njengabapristi futhi babenamalungelo athile asemthethweni, yize ngokuvamile ayelinganiselwe kunawabesilisa.
EGibhithe lasendulo, izindima zobulili ziyabonakala nasezincwadini zomlando. Nakuba oFaro baziwa kakhulu ukuthi babengabesilisa, kwakukhona abanye oFaro besifazane abadumile, njengoHatshepsut. Amarekhodi omlando abonisa ukuthi naphezu kokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi ngokobulili, kwakukhona nendawo yabesifazane ebuholini bezepolitiki nakwezenkolo.
IGrisi neRoma lasendulo lalivame ukuba ngamadoda athanda kakhulu ukubusa, kanti abesifazane babevame ukuba nezindima ezilinganiselwe emphakathini. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi babengenathonya. Ngethonya labo emndenini, emasikweni enkolo, nakwezinye izimo emnothweni, abesifazane eGrisi naseRoma nabo badlala izindima ezibalulekile, nakuba bengenjalo njalo bemelwe kahle emlandweni wendabuko, obuswa ngabesilisa.
Izifundo Zemivubukulo Nezobulili
Isayensi yemivubukulo isinikeza amathuluzi okuhumusha izindima zobulili ngokusebenzisa izinsalela zezinto esizitholayo. Kusukela ezindaweni zokungcwaba kuya ezintweni zasekhaya, isayensi yemivubukulo inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngempilo yansuku zonke yemiphakathi yangaphambilini, okuhlanganisa nezici zobulili.
Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwamathambo abantu ezindaweni zemivubukulo kungaveza umehluko wobulili ekudleni kanye nasemisebenzini. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Isotope kanye nezimpawu zokucindezeleka emathanjeni kungaveza umehluko emisebenzini yomzimba eyenziwa ngabesilisa nabesifazane, okusisiza siqonde ukuhlukaniswa komsebenzi emiphakathini yasendulo kanye neyomlando.
Izinto zobuciko ezifana nobucwebe, izinto zasekhaya, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko nazo zinikeza izinkomba ngezindima zobulili. Emiphakathini eminingi yasendulo, ezinye izinto zobuciko kungenzeka ukuthi zazihlotshaniswa nobulili obubodwa kuphela, kodwa lokhu kucabanga kungaba yingozi uma kungahlolwanga ngokucophelela. Isibonelo, ukutholakala kwezeluki ezindaweni zasendulo kungase kusikisele ukuthi ukweluka kwakuwumsebenzi wabesifazane ngokuyinhloko, kodwa ubufakazi be-ethnographic busikisela ukuthi ukweluka kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi owabelwana ngawo womabili abesilisa nabesifazane kweminye imiphakathi.
Ithonya Lezifundo Zobulili Ekuchazeni Umlando
Izifundo zanamuhla zobulili emlandweni kanye nasemivubukulweni yezinto zakudala ziholele ekuchazeni kabusha izindaba zesikhathi esidlule. Ngokwamukela umbono ocabangela ubulili, singathola ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi imiphakathi ihlelwe kanjani, ukuthi izindima zomuntu ngamunye kanye nezomphakathi zithuthuka kanjani, nokuthi ukusebenzisana komphakathi kanye namandla kusetshenziswa kanjani.
Isibonelo esibalulekile salolu shintsho ukuchazwa kabusha kwezindawo zokungcwaba ezidumile zamaViking. Izifundo zakuqala zikhombe ukungcwaba okuqukethe izikhali nezinto zempi njengokuhlobene nabesilisa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kwendawo yokungcwaba yaseBirka eSweden kwembule ukuthi amanye amathuna amaqhawe ahlotshaniswa namadoda empeleni ayengawabesifazane, okushintsha ukuqonda kwethu izindima zobulili emphakathini wamaViking.
Izinselele kanye Nekusasa Lezifundo Zobulili
Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, izifundo zobulili emlandweni kanye nesayensi yezinto zakudala zibhekene nezinselele. Inselele enkulu eyodwa ukucwasa okuqhubekayo ekuchazeni idatha . Njengabacwaningi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokulungisa lokhu kucwasa ukuze kugwenywe ukuqhubeka nemibono engafani kanye nokuqagela okungamanga.
Kusukela manje, izifundo zobulili kulindeleke ukuthi zibandakanyeke kakhulu, kucatshangelwa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokuguquguquka kobunikazi bobulili kanye nezindima zomphakathi. Amasu amasha okuhlaziya njenge-DNA yasendulo kanye ne-proteomics avula umnyango wokuqonda okujulile umehluko wezinto eziphilayo kanye nowezenhlalo emlandweni.
Isiphetho
Izindima zobulili emlandweni nasemivubukulweni yezinto zakudala ziyizihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ezicebile, ezihlala zishintsha njengoba isayensi nendlela yokusebenza ishintsha. Ngokwamukela umbono ohlanganisayo futhi obucayi ngobulili, singathola izindaba eziningi ezilahlekile kanye neminikelo, ezazingabonakali ngaphambili ezindabeni zomlando zendabuko, ezibuswa ngabesilisa. Lolu cwaningo alugcini nje ngokucebisa ukuqonda kwethu ngesikhathi esidlule kodwa futhi lusisiza siqonde ubunzima bobudlelwano bobulili emphakathini wethu namuhla.
