Ukuthandana Okuhlobene Kwezinto Zasendulo
Ukuqomisana okuhlobene kungenye yezisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zemivubukulo ngoba kusiza abacwaningi ukuthi balandelele imicimbi yesikhathi esidlule ngaphandle kokudinga ukwazi usuku oluqondile. Ngokuqomisana okuhlobene, abavubukuli banganquma ukuthi okutholiwe kudala noma kuncane kunezinye bese behlela ngokulandelana kwezikhathi. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu lapho ukuqomisana okuphelele (njengokuqomisana kwe-radiocarbon) kungatholakali, kubiza kakhulu, noma kungenzeki ngenxa yezimo zesampula ezingezinhle. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqomisana okuhlobene kuphendula umbuzo othi "yikuphi okwafika kuqala?" ngaphambi kokubuza umbuzo othi "kumuphi unyaka?"
Umqondo kanye nenhloso yokuthandana okuhlobene
Ingqikithi yokuqomisana okuhlobene ukuqhathanisa. Izazi zemivubukulo zihlola indawo yento ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo, ubudlelwano bayo nezinye izakhiwo, isitayela nesimo sento esetshenzisiwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokutholwa nezinye izinto kumongo ofanayo. Ukusuka lapho, kwakhiwa ukulandelana kwezikhathi: izigaba zokuqala, eziphakathi, ezisekupheleni, noma "ezindala nezincane". Nakuba ukuqomisana okuhlobene kungakhiqizi izinsuku zekhalenda, kuvumela ukwakhiwa kabusha komlando wesayithi: ukuthi laqala nini ukusetshenziswa, lapho umsebenzi ushintsha, lapho kwakhiwa kabusha, nalapho lashiywa khona.
Empeleni, ukuqomisana okuhlobene cishe njalo kusebenza ngokubambisana ne-stratigraphy (isifundo sezendlalelo zomhlaba), uhlobo (ukuqoqwa kwezinto zobuciko ngohlobo), kanye ne-seriation (ukuhleleka kokulandelana okusekelwe kumaphethini oshintsho). Lezi zindlela ziyaqinisana, futhi uma zihlanganiswa nedatha yokuqomisana ephelele, ukulandelana kwezikhathi kuba namandla nakakhulu.
I-Stratigraphy: ukufunda izendlalelo njengomlando wesikhathi
Isimiso esivamile kakhulu sokuqomisana okuhlobene ngumthetho we-superposition: ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, izendlalelo eziphansi zenhlabathi ngokuvamile zindala kunezo ezingaphezulu kwazo. Ngokumba ngokucophelela nokuqopha umongo wesendlalelo ngasinye, abavubukuli bangakwazi "ukufunda" ukulandelana kwezehlakalo ezilotshwe enhlabathini.
Kodwa-ke, i-stratigraphy ayilula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuphazamiseka kungenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu (ukumba imigodi, ukwakha izisekelo, ukumba amathuna), umsebenzi wezilwane (i-bioturbation), izimpande zezihlahla, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, noma izinhlekelele zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, abavubukuli abaqophi nje kuphela izendlalelo kodwa futhi nezici ezifana nemisele, imigodi, phansi kwezakhiwo, kanye nemigodi yokungcwaba. Lezi zici zivame "ukunqamula" zibe izendlalelo zangaphambilini, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze izinkomba zokulandelana kwesikhathi.
Isibonelo esilula: uma ithuna lidabula phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, khona-ke ithuna lincane kunephansi. Lobu budlelwano "obunqunyiwe" buyisihluthulelo sokuthandana okusekelwe ku-stratigraphic.
Isimiso sokuhlobana: izinto ezitholakala ndawonye zivame ukuba zesikhathi esifanayo.
Enye indlela ebalulekile ukuhlanganisa. Izinto zobuciko ezitholakala kumongo ofanayo—isibonelo, kungqimba olufanayo noma iyunithi yokumisa—zivame ukuba khona kusukela enkathini yesikhathi efanayo. Uma uhlobo oluthile lobumba lwaziwa ukuthi luvela enkathini ethile (ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini), khona-ke okunye okutholakale kumongo ofanayo kungalinganiselwa ukuthi kungokwesikhathi esifanayo.
Ukuxhumana kumele kusetshenziswe ngokuqapha. Izinto zingasuswa endaweni yazo yokuqala, isibonelo, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi, ifa elidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, noma izinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha ezakhiweni ezisencane. Ngakho-ke, abavubukuli bahlala behlola ikhwalithi yomongo: ukuthi ungqimba "luphazamisekile" noma "luvaliwe."
Uhlobo: izinguquko ngesimo sezinto zobuciko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
I-typology iyindlela yokuhlanganisa izinto zobuciko ngokusekelwe ekufaneni ngesimo, izinto zokwakha, imihlobiso, kanye namasu okukhiqiza. Emasikweni amaningi, izitayela zezinto zobuciko ziyashintsha kancane kancane. Lezi zinguquko zingasetshenziswa ukusungula uhlelo oluhlobene: uhlobo A lubhekwa njengoludala kunohlobo B uma u-B ebonisa intuthuko evela ku-A noma uma u-B ebonakala njalo ezingqimbeni ezincane.
I-pottery iyisibonelo esivame kakhulu ngoba iningi, ihlala isikhathi eside, futhi isitayela sokwenziwa kwayo sivame ukushintsha kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Isibonelo, izinguquko esimweni sezindebe, amaphethini okuhlobisa, noma ukwakheka kobumba kunganikeza izinkomba zezigaba zokulandelana kwesikhathi. Ngaphandle kobumba, uhlobo lusebenza futhi kumathuluzi amatshe, ubucwebe, umsebenzi wensimbi, ngisho nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.
Enye yamandla e-typology yikhono layo lokuxhumanisa amasayithi ahlukene. Uma amasayithi amabili equkethe izinhlobo ezifanayo zezinto zobuciko futhi ebekwe ngokulandelana okufanayo kwe-typological, izazi zemivubukulo zingasungula ubudlelwano besikhathi sesifunda. Kodwa-ke, i-typology nayo inemikhawulo: izitayela zingaqhubeka isikhathi eside esifundeni, noma izinguquko zesitayela zingathonywa ukuxhumana kwamasiko kanye nokuhweba, hhayi isikhathi nje kuphela.
Uchungechunge: ukuhlela ukulandelana ngokusekelwe ku-frequency kanye nesitayela
Ukuhlanganisa izinto kuyindlela yezibalo kanye nokuhlaziya yokusungula uhlelo oluhlobene olusekelwe ekuthandweni okushintshayo kwesitayela noma uhlobo lwezinto zobuciko. Ngokuvamile, isitayela sizovela, sifinyelele esicongweni sokuthandwa, bese sehla. Uma abavubukuli benezinto eziningi (isb., amathuna amaningi noma izendlalelo) futhi beqopha imvamisa yezinhlobo zezinto zobuciko kuleyo naleyo, uhlelo oluhlobene lungasungulwa ukuze iphethini "yokukhuphuka-isiqongo-ukuwa" ibe nomqondo.
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokusondela:
1. Uchungechunge lwemvamisa: luhlola ukwenyuka nokwehla kwenani elilinganiselwe lezinhlobo zezinto ezidaliwe.
2. Uchungechunge lohlobo/lwezimfanelo: ukuhlela ukulandelana ngokusekelwe ebunzimeni noma ezinguqukweni zezimfanelo ezithile (isibonelo, izisusa eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe).
Ukuhlanganisa imigqa kuyasiza kakhulu lapho i-stratigraphy ingaphelele, isibonelo emaqoqweni ethuna, ama-fragmentary deposits, noma amaqoqo obuso. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganisa imigqa kudinga idatha eyanele kanye nombono wokuthi izinguquko zesitayela zenzeka kancane kancane futhi zingahlelwa njalo.
Ukuxhumana kwezindawo ezihlukene: ukwakha ukulandelana kwezikhathi zesifunda
Ukuqomisana okuhlobene kufinyelela amandla aphezulu uma kungaxhunyaniswa kuzo zonke izindawo. Izazi zemivubukulo ziqhathanisa ukulandelana kwe-stratigraphic kanye ne-typological kwezindawo eziningana ukwakha izikhathi zesifunda: isibonelo, "Izigaba I-II-III" esigodini, noma "izikhathi zakuqala-phakathi-ekugcineni" esifundeni. Lokhu kuhlobana kungasizwa futhi ngokutholakala "kwezimpawu" ezifana nobumba olungenisiwe, imali, noma izinto zobuciko ezaziwa kuze kube manje kusukela esikhathini esithile ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zomlando.
Ukuxhumana kwesifunda kusiza ekuphenduleni imibuzo emikhulu: ukuthi ukufuduka kwenzeka nini, ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha buvele nini, ukuthi amanethiwekhi ezohwebo athuthuke kanjani, noma ukuthi kwenzeka nini izinkinga kanye noshintsho emphakathini.
Izinzuzo zokuthandana nabantu abahlobene
Ukuthandana okuhlobene kunezinzuzo eziningana. Okokuqala, akudingi njalo imishini eminingi yelabhorethri noma izindleko. Okwesibili, kusebenza ngisho nalapho izinto eziphilayo zokuthandana kwe-radiocarbon zingatholakali. Okwesithathu, ukuthandana okuhlobene kunikeza ukuqonda okucebile komongo: hhayi nje "izinsuku," kodwa kunalokho ukulandelana kwemicimbi kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwemisebenzi yabantu endaweni.
Ezindaweni eziningi zokumba, kwakhiwa uhlaka oluhlobene kuqala. Ngemva kwalokho, amasampula okuqopha umlando athathwa ngendlela efanele ukuze "angene" ezikhathini ezibalulekile. Ngale ndlela, ukuqopha umlando akuzimele wodwa kodwa kunalokho kwakha phezu kohlelo lwezikhathi oluhlobene oluvele luqinile.
Ukulinganiselwa kanye nendlela yokukunqoba
Ubuthakathaka obukhulu bokuqomisana okuhlobene ukuthi akunikezi usuku oluqondile futhi kuncike ekhwalithini yomongo. Uma indawo iphazamisekile, ukulandelana kwe-stratigraphic kungaba yinto edidayo. Uma uhlobo lungakasungulwa endaweni ethile, ukuhumusha kungaba okungazinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitayela zezinto zobuciko azishintshi njalo ngokulandelana; kungaba nokuvuselelwa kwezitayela ezindala noma ukusetshenziswa kwezitayela eziningana ngasikhathi sinye ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuze babhekane nalokhu, abavubukuli bahlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zobufakazi: i-stratigraphy, i-associate, i-typology, i-seriation, i-material analysis, kanye—uma kungenzeka—nosuku oluphelele. Ukubhala ngokucophelela kwensimu kubalulekile: ukuqoshwa komongo, imidwebo yephrofayili ye-stratigraphic, izithombe, kanye nezinhlelo zamayunithi e-stratigraphic (isb., i-Harris Matrix) kusiza ekudwebeni ubudlelwano “kwabadala nabancane” ngokusobala.
I-Penutup
Ukuqomisana okuhlobene kuyindlela eyisisekelo evumela abavubukuli ukuthi bakhe "indaba yesikhathi" kusukela ezingqimbeni zomhlabathi nezinto ezishiywe ngabantu. Nakuba ingakhiqizi iminyaka yekhalenda, le ndlela ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukulandelana kwemicimbi, izinguquko zamasiko, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokusebenzisa i-stratigraphy, ukuhlangana, uhlobo, kanye nochungechunge, abavubukuli bangakha ukulandelana okunengqondo, bese bekuqinisekisa ngezinsuku eziphelele uma kutholakala. Ekugcineni, ukuqomisana okuhlobene akuyona nje ithuluzi lobuchwepheshe, kodwa kuyindlela yokuhlanganisa imikhondo yezinto ezibonakalayo ibe indaba ehambisanayo nevivinyayo yomlando wesintu.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe sezemfundo kakhulu (ngezahluko ezincane nezingcaphuno), noma ngengeze izibonelo zamacala avela e-Indonesia (isib. izindawo zasendulo, zakudala, noma zamakoloni) ukuze ngisenze sibe semongweni ongcono.
