Izindlela Zokucwaninga Emivubukulweni Yangaphambi Komlando
Isayensi yezinto zakudala zangaphambi komlando igatsha lesayensi yezinto zakudala elifunda ngokuphila komuntu ngaphambi kwamarekhodi abhaliwe. Ngenxa yokuthi azikho izincwadi ezibhaliwe zokusiqondisa, izazi zezinto zakudala zasendulo kumele zithembele ebufakazini obuphathekayo njengamathuluzi amatshe, izinsalela zokudla, amathambo, iminonjana yezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nezinguquko zemvelo. Ukuze kuqondwe ngokuzibophezela isikhathi esidlule, ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala zangaphambi komlando alunakwenziwa ngokungahleliwe; ludinga izindlela ezihlelekile, ezilinganisekayo, neziphinde zihlolwe. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezigaba eziyinhloko nezindlela zocwaningo lwezinto zakudala zangaphambi komlando, kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezinkinga kuya ekuhlaziyweni nasekutolikweni kwelabhorethri.
1. Ukwakhiwa Kwezinkinga kanye Nohlaka Lwethiyori
Ucwaningo oluhle luhlala luqala ngombuzo ocacile wocwaningo. Emivubukulweni yasendulo, imibuzo ingafaka: indawo yahlalwa nini? Abantu babezenza kanjani amathuluzi? Ingabe babengabazingeli nabaqoqi noma abalimi? Yayiyini imikhuba yokufuduka kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu? Le mibuzo yabe isihlelwa ngaphakathi kohlaka oluthile lwemfundiso, njengendlela yezemvelo (ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nendawo), imikhuba yasendulo (ukugcizelela izincazelo zesayensi kanye namaphethini), noma imikhuba yasendulo (ukugcizelela incazelo, izimpawu, kanye nokuzikhethela komuntu).
Izinhlaka zethiyori zibalulekile ngoba zithonya uhlobo lwedatha eqoqwe, izindlela zokuthatha amasampula, kanye namamodeli okuhumusha. Isibonelo, abacwaningi abagxile kwezomnotho wokuphila bazobeka phambili ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela zezitshalo (ezinkulu nezincane) kanye nezilwane, kuyilapho abacwaningi abagxile kwezobuchwepheshe bezogcizelela uhlobo lwamathuluzi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo.
2. Ucwaningo Lokuqala: Izincwadi, Amamephu, kanye Nedatha Yezemvelo
Ngaphambi kokungena kulo mkhakha, izazi zemivubukulo zenza izifundo zokuqala ukuze ziqonde umongo wesifunda. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zocwaningo lwangaphambilini, ukubuyekezwa kwamamephu e-topographic kanye ne-geological, kanye nolwazi mayelana ne-hydrology, izitshalo, kanye nomlando wendawo. Lolu lwazi lusiza ukubikezela izindawo ezingaba khona zezindawo zasendulo, njengemifula yasendulo, amathala emifula, imihume yase-karst, noma izindawo ezinemithombo ethile yamatshe ezinto zamathuluzi.
Kulesi sigaba, ubuchwepheshe be-GIS (Geographic Information Systems) buvame ukusetshenziswa ukulingisa indawo, ukumaka izinsiza, kanye nokuhlaziya ukusatshalaliswa kwesayithi. Ukuhumusha kokuqala okusekelwe kumephu kanye nesithombe nakho kusiza ukuhlela inhlolovo ngempumelelo enkulu.
3. Ucwaningo Lwezinto Zakudala: Ukuthola Nokumapha Izindawo
Ukuhlola kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthola izindawo nokuqonda amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwazo. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokuhlola emivubukulweni yasendulo:
1. Ucwaningo lobuso: Abacwaningi bahamba endaweni ethile ukuze babheke izinto zobuciko noma izici ezibonakalayo ebusweni, njengezingcezu zamatshe, izingcezu zobumba zakuqala, amagobolondo, noma izakhiwo zamatshe.
2. Ucwaningo oluhlelekile: Indawo ihlukaniswe ngama-transect noma ama-grid, bese ithimba lilandela indlela ebangeni elithile (isib. amamitha ayi-10–20) ukuze ukumbozwa kube ngokulinganayo futhi idatha ingabalwa ngobuningi.
3. Ucwaningo lwemihume kanye nendawo ethile (ucwaningo lwe-rockshelter): Kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zase-karst, ngoba imihume ivame ukuba nezingqimba ezijiyile nezivikelekile ze-stratigraphic.
4. Ukuhlola ngaphansi kwamanzi: Kufanelekile ezindaweni zangaphambi komlando wogu noma ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi njengamanje, yize kudinga imishini ekhethekile kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Imiphumela yocwaningo ifaka phakathi izindawo ze-GPS, amarekhodi ezimo zendawo, izithombe, kanye nokuqoqwa kwezinto ezisetshenzisiwe okulinganiselwe (uma kuvunyelwe) ukuze kutholakale ukuhlonza kokuqala. Ucwaningo lungase lubandakanye nezingxoxo nezakhamuzi zendawo, ezivame ukwazi izindawo zezimbazo zamatshe, ama-adze, noma izinsalela zokungcwaba.
4. Ukumba: Ukumba Okulinganisiwe kanye neMibhalo Ye-Stratigraphic
Ukumba kuyisisekelo socwaningo lwemivubukulo ngoba kwembula izingqimba zenhlabathi (stratigraphy) eziqopha ukulandelana kwemicimbi yesikhathi esidlule. Emivubukulweni yasendulo, i-stratigraphy ibalulekile ekunqumeni ukulandelana kwezikhathi kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto zobuciko kanye nomongo wazo.
Ezinye izimiso ezibalulekile zokumba zifaka:
– Ukumba okusekelwe eyunithi: Indawo ihlukaniswe ngezikwele (isb., 1×1 m noma 2×2 m). Iyunithi ngayinye imbiwa ngezigaba ukuya ekujuleni okuthile noma kulandela izinguquko zemvelo zengqimba.
– Ukurekhoda okuningiliziwe: Okutholakele ngakunye kuqoshwa ngokwendawo yako, ukujula, ubudlelwano nezici (iziko, umgodi weposi, iphansi lendlu), futhi kuqoshwe ngezithombe nemidwebo yephrofayili.
– Ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi: Inhlabathi evubukuliwe iyahlungwa ukuze kutholakale izinto ezincane ezifana nama-microflakes, amathambo amancane, noma izinsalela zezinhlamvu.
– Ukusampula: Amasampula e-sediment okuhlaziya impova, i-phytolith, noma ukuqoqwa kwezikhathi; amasampula amalahle avela eziko lokuhlola ukuqoqwa kwe-radiocarbon; kanye namasampula amathambo ama-isotopes noma i-DNA (uma izimo zivuma).
Ukumba kumele kulandele imigomo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo ngoba kuyabhubhisa: uma inhlabathi isivuliwe, umongo wokuqala awukwazi ukubuyiselwa. Ngakho-ke, imibhalo ephelele isebenza “njengokuthathelwa indawo” kwendawo ngemva kokuba isimbiwe.
5. Ukuqomisana: Ukunquma Ubudala kanye Nokulandelana Kwezikhathi
Ukuze uqonde umlando wangaphambi komlando, ukuthandana kubalulekile. Izindlela zokuthandana zihlukaniswe kabili: isihlobo kanye nesiphelele.
– Ukuthandana okuhlobene: Kususelwa ku-stratigraphy (izendlalelo ezijulile ngokuvamile zindala), uhlobo lwezinto ezidaliwe (izinguquko esimweni samathuluzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi), kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezitholiwe.
– Ukuqomisana okuphelele: Kunikeza unyaka noma isikhathi esithile. Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka:
– I-Radiocarbon (C-14) yezinto eziphilayo ezifana namalahle, amathambo, noma amagobolondo (ngokulungiswa okuthile).
– I-OSL (Ukukhanya Okushukunyiswa Okukhanya) ukuze kutholakale ukuthi inhlabathi igcine nini ukubonakala ekukhanyeni, okuwusizo ezindaweni ezivulekile.
– U-series wezinto ze-carbonate ezifana nama-stalagmite emihumeni.
– I-Dendrochronology (engavamile kwezinye izindawo ezishisayo) uma kukhona ukhuni olunezindandatho zonyaka ezicacile.
Ukukhetha indlela yokuqomisana kuncike ohlotsheni lwesampula, izimo zokulondolozwa, kanye nombuzo wocwaningo. Okungcono kakhulu, ukuqomisana kufanele kuphindwe kusuka ezimweni eziningi ukuqinisekisa imiphumela efanayo.
6. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinto Ezisetshenzisiwe: Uhlobo, Ubuchwepheshe, kanye Nezindlela Zokusebenzisa
Izinto zobuciko zangaphambi komlando—ikakhulukazi amathuluzi amatshe—zivame ukwakha isethi yedatha eyinhloko. Ukuhlaziywa kuhlanganisa:
– Uhlobo: Ukuhlanganisa izinto zobuciko ngokusekelwe esimweni nezici, njengezimbazo zesandla, ama-flakes, ama-blade, ama-arrowheads, noma ama-adzes. Uhlobo lusiza ekusunguleni izikhathi ezihlobene futhi luqhathanise phakathi kwezifunda.
– Ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe (uchungechunge lwemisebenzi): Kuvuselela inqubo yokwenza amathuluzi: ukukhethwa kwezinto, amasu okusika, izigaba zokukhiqiza, kanye nokulahla. Lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda ngamakhono, ukuhlela umsebenzi, kanye nokufinyelela emithonjeni yezinto zokusetshenziswa.
– Ukuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa: Ukubuka imihuzuko emincane nokupholisha ebusweni bethuluzi ukuze kutholakale umsebenzi walo, isibonelo ukusika inyama, ukucubungula izinkuni, noma ukuvuna izitshalo.
– Ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela: Kuthola amaprotheni asele, isitashi, noma amafutha, yize kudinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokungcola.
Kumabhodwe okuqala (uma kwaziwa izikhathi zasendulo), ukuhlaziywa kungafaka phakathi ifomu, ukuhlobisa, amasu okudubula, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-petrographic ukuze kutholakale imvelaphi yezinto kanye namanethiwekhi okushintshana.
7. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinto Eziphilayo Nezemvelo: Amathambo, Izitshalo, kanye Nezinsalela
Ngenxa yokuthi umlando wangaphambi komlando uhlobene kakhulu nokuzivumelanisa nemvelo, izazi zemivubukulo zihlanganisa izindlela zesayensi yemvelo:
– I-Zooarchaeology: Ukuhlaziya amathambo ezilwane ukuze kutholakale ukusetshenziswa, ukuzingela, ukufuywa kwezilwane, kanye nokuhambisana nesikhathi sonyaka. Amaphethini okusika kanye namabala okushiswa kungaveza imikhuba yokucubungula ukudla.
– I-Archaeobotany: Ukuhlaziya izinsalela zezitshalo ezifana nembewu, amalahle, ama-phytolith, noma isitashi ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha ukudla, ezolimo, kanye nezitshalo ezizungezile.
– I-Geoarchaeology: Ucwaningo lwezihlabathi, izinqubo zokwakha indawo, kanye nezinguquko zesimo sendawo (izikhukhula, ukudilika komhlaba, imisebenzi yemifula). Lokhu kubalulekile kubacwaningi ukuze baqonde ukuthi ngabe ungqimba luwumphumela wezenzo zabantu noma izinqubo zemvelo ngempela.
– Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Isotope: Emathanjeni noma emazinyweni abantu/ezilwaneni, kungabonisa amaphethini okudla (isib. ukubusa kwamaprotheni asolwandle vs. asemhlabeni) kanye nokuhambahamba.
– I-DNA Yasendulo: Uma ukulondolozwa kuvumela, ingaveza ubudlelwano, ukufuduka, kanye nomlando wabantu, kodwa idinga izindawo zelebhu ezikhethekile kanye nezinqubo ezihlanzekile.
8. Ukuhlolwa Kwezinto Zakudala Neze-Ethnographic: Ukuhlola Izimvo
Ucwaningo lwangaphambi komlando luvame ukuhilela ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala okulingayo, isibonelo, ukuzama ukwenza amathuluzi amatshe kusetshenziswa amasu athile ukuqonda izimpawu zokushayisana, ukusebenza kahle kwamathuluzi, noma izikhathi zokukhiqiza. Ukuhlolwa kusetshenziselwa futhi ekwenzeni izitsha zobumba, amasu okudubula, noma ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ethnoarchaeology ifunda imiphakathi yesimanje noma yendabuko esaqhuba imikhuba ethile (isb., ukucubungula i-sago, ukwenza amathuluzi alula, amaphethini okuhlala ngezikhathi ezithile) njengemifanekiso eqondile yokuhumusha idatha yasendulo. Imifanekiso akufanele ithathwe njengenani elibonakalayo, kodwa kunalokho isetshenziswe ukwandisa amathuba okuhumusha.
9. Ukuhumusha, Ukubika, kanye Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Zokulondolozwa
Idatha yemivubukulo "ayizikhulumeli"; idinga ukuhumusha okunengqondo nokusobala. Izazi zemivubukulo zihlanganisa imiphumela yokuqopha isikhathi, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zakudala, kanye nedatha yezemvelo ukuze ziphendule imibuzo yocwaningo. Ukuhumusha okunengqondo kumele kucabangele izincazelo ezihlukile, ukubandlulula amasampula, kanye nezinqubo zokwakheka kwendawo.
Isigaba sokugcina nesibalulekile ukubika nokushicilelwa. Imibiko yokumba, izizindalwazi, amamephu, kanye namakhathalogi ezinto ezitholakele kumele ahlanganiswe ukuze kufinyelelwe futhi kubuyekezwe abanye abacwaningi. Emazweni amaningi, ukubika nakho kuyisibopho esisemthethweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abavubukuli kumele bacabangele ukulondolozwa: ukuthi indawo kufanele ivalwe kabusha, ukuthi izinto zobuciko kufanele zigcinwe kanjani, nokuthi bangabandakanya kanjani imiphakathi yendawo njengababambiqhaza ababalulekile.
I-Penutup
Indlela yokucwaninga ekuvubukuleni kwasendulo iwuchungechunge lwezigaba ezihlobene: ukwakha inkinga, ukwenza ucwaningo, ukumba ngokulawula i-stratigraphic, ukunquma ubudala ngokuqopha isikhathi, ukuhlaziya izinto zobuciko kanye nemvelo, bese uhumusha idatha ngokuzibophezela. Ngenxa yokuthi umlando wangaphambi komlando awunazo imibhalo, ukuqina kwendlela kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesikhathi esidlule akube ukuqagela nje. Ngokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje njenge-GIS, i-OSL, ama-isotope, kanye ne-DNA yasendulo, ucwaningo lwangaphambi komlando luyakwazi ukuchaza hhayi nje kuphela "lokho okutholakalayo" kodwa futhi "nokuthi abantu baphila kanjani, bazivumelanisa kanjani, futhi bashintsha kanjani" isikhathi eside kakhulu.
