Indlela Ukuvubukula Okuwusizo Ngayo E-Forensics
Isayensi yemivubukulo kanye nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezifo kuyimikhakha emibili, lapho uqala ukuyibuka, ebonakala ihlukile. Isayensi yemivubukulo igxile ekutholakaleni nasekuchazeni izinsalela zabantu zesikhathi esidlule, kuyilapho isayensi yemivubukulo, ikakhulukazi isayensi yemivubukulo yobugebengu, ibhekana nokuphenywa kobugebengu banamuhla. Kodwa-ke, le mikhakha emibili ifana kakhulu ngamasu nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nomgomo wokuthola iqiniso. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi isayensi yemivubukulo inikela kanjani kusayensi yemivubukulo, sithinta amasu asetshenzisiwe, izifundo zamacala, kanye neminikelo ebalulekile yesayensi kusayensi yemivubukulo.
Amasu Asetshenzisiwe
Ukumba
Ukumba kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zesayensi yokucwaninga. Ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala, kwenziwa ukumba ukuze kutholakale futhi kuqoqwe izinto zobuciko kanye nezinsalela zabantu ezindaweni zomlando. Izindlela ezifanayo zisetshenziswa ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala ukuze kumbiwe amathuna angatholakalanga noma kufuneke ubufakazi obungcwatshwe emacaleni obugebengu. Ubuchwepheshe babavubukuli ekubholeni, ekuqopheni izingqimba zomhlabathi, kanye nasekubhaleni izindawo bubaluleke kakhulu ekuphenyweni kwesayensi yokucwaninga izinto zakudala.
I-Stratigraphy
I-Stratigraphy iwukufunda izendlalelo zenhlabathi ezakheka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emivubukulweni, umqondo we-chronostratigraphy usiza ochwepheshe ukuqonda ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwendawo. Lokhu kuqonda kuyasiza futhi ekuhlolweni kwe-forensic lapho kudingeka ukunquma ubudala bento noma isidumbu. Le ndlela ivumela ochwepheshe be-forensic ukuthi balinganisele isikhathi sokufa, okuyinto ebalulekile ekuphenyweni kobugebengu.
I-Bioarchaeology
I-Bioarchaeology iwukutadisha izinsalela zabantu ngaphakathi komongo wabo wamasiko kanye nowemvelo. Ku-forensic, le ndlela isetshenziswa lapho kuhlaziywa amathambo abantu ukuze kutholakale ukuthi bangobani, imbangela yokufa, kanye nezifo kanye nokulimala okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphila. I-Bioarchaeology ingasiza i-forensic ekuboneni izisulu ngokuhlaziya amathambo namazinyo futhi inikeze ukuqonda ngezimpilo zabo kanye nokufa kwabo.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinto Ezisetshenzisiwe
Izazi zemivubukulo zivame ukuhlaziya izinto zobuciko ukuze ziqonde amasiko kanye nokuphila kwesikhathi esidlule. Ku-forensics, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zobuciko kungasetshenziswa ukuhlola izinto ezitholakala ezindaweni zobugebengu. Isibonelo, izikhali, izingubo, noma ezinye izinto zomuntu siqu zinganikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nokuthi ubani owenze lesi sigameko noma ukulandelana kwezenzakalo.
Indlela Yokuskena
Amasu okuskena njenge-LIDAR kanye ne-georadar, asetshenziswa ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala, nawo asetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwesayensi. I-LIDAR ingadweba ubuso bomhlaba ngokunemba okuphezulu, isize ekuboneni izindawo ezingaba khona lapho ubufakazi bungase bufihlwe khona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Georadar iwusizo ekutholeni izinto ezingcwatshwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumba okubhubhisayo.
Studi Kasus
UJohn Wayne Gacy
Elinye icala elidumile lokuhlola lapho kwasetshenziswa khona amasu okuvubukula kwakuyileli likaJohn Wayne Gacy, umbulali waseMelika owaboshwa ngo-1978. Kulolu phenyo, kwasetshenziswa amasu okuvubukula ukuthola izinsalela zezisulu ezazingcwatshwe endlini yakhe. Abavubukuli basize ekumbeni ngokucophelela inhlabathi nokubhala phansi okutholiwe ngakunye, okuvumela ukuhlonza izisulu ngendlela enembile.
Ukubulawa Kwabantu Ababulawa YiBoscombe Down
Ngo-1999, owesifazane watholakala efile eBoscombe Down, eNgilandi. Ososayensi bezobunhloli basebenzisa amasu okudweba ukuze bahlaziye izingqimba zomhlabathi ozungeze isidumbu. Lokhu kuhlaziya kwasiza ekutholeni usuku lokungcwatshwa nokuqonda umongo wesigameko, okuhlanganisa nokuhlonza umsolwa, owagcina eboshiwe.
Abantu Abalahlekile eBosnia
Ngesikhathi sempi eBosnia ngawo-1990, kwatholakala amathuna amaningi amakhulu. Kwaqashwa abavubukuli ukuze bambe la mathuna ngomzamo wokuthola izisulu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bathola ukungcwatshwa okufanele. Lapha, kwasetshenziswa inhlanganisela ye-bioarchaeology kanye namanye amasu okuvubukula ukuhlonza abantu nokuqonda izimbangela nezimo zokufa kwabo.
Iminikelo Ebalulekile Yezinto Ezivubukulayo Ebucwaningweni Bokubikezela
Indlela Ehlelekile
Isayensi yemivubukulo idume ngezindlela zayo ezihlelekile nezicophelelayo zokuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha. Le ndlela ibaluleke ngokulinganayo ekuhlolweni kwemininingwane, lapho ngisho nephutha elincane kakhulu lingaholela ekuphuthweni kwezisu enkantolo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zemivubukulo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi bonke buphathwa ngokucophelela nokuthi kuthathwa umzamo omkhulu ekubulondolozeni.
Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kwezikhathi
Ikhono labavubukuli lokwakha kabusha ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwendawo liwusizo kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezehlakalo. Ekuphenyweni kobugebengu, ukuqonda ukulandelana kwezehlakalo kunganikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nokuthi ubugebengu benzeke kanjani futhi nini. Izindlela ze-stratigraphic kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi okusetshenziswa ngabavubukuli kusiza ekwembuleni la maqiniso.
Ukuqeqeshwa kanye Nemfundo
Ososayensi abaningi bezobunhloli baqeqeshwe ngezindlela zokuvubukula noma basebenzisana eduze nabavubukuli ekuphenyweni. Le mfundo yezifundo ezahlukene icebisa ulwazi namakhono ochwepheshe, ibenze bakwazi ukusebenza ngempumelelo ekuqoqeni nasekuhlaziyeni ubufakazi.
Ukuxazululwa Kwamacala Amadala
Imivubukulo iye yaba usizo olukhulu ekuxazululeni amacala asenesikhathi eside noma angaxazululwa. Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yezinsalela ezitholakala ezindaweni zomlando kungasiza ekuboneni izisulu zokubulawa emacaleni abandayo. Lokhu kuvula amathuba amasha okuxazulula izimfihlakalo ezazingaxazululwa ngaphambilini.
Isiphetho
Isayensi yemivubukulo idlala indima ebalulekile ekucwaningweni kwesayensi yemivubukulo, inikeza izindlela namasu asiza ekuqoqweni nasekuhlaziyweni kobufakazi. Ngendlela yabo ehlelekile necophelelayo, izazi zemivubukulo zingaba negalelo elibalulekile ekucwaningweni kwesayensi yemivubukulo. Nakuba imigomo eyinhloko yalezi zifundo ezimbili ingahluka, ukubambisana phakathi kwazo kungaveza ukuqonda nezixazululo ebezingenakwenzeka uma zisebenza zodwa. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esetshenziswa ekucwaningweni kwemivubukulo ivula neminyango emisha yokuthuthuka ekucwaningweni kwesayensi yemivubukulo, isize ekwembuleni iqiniso, ekuxazululeni amacala, nasekuhlinzekeni ubulungiswa kwabahlukunyezwayo kanye nemindeni yabo.
