Ukuvubukulwa Kwezinto Zasolwandle Nokuhlola Ulwandle
Isayensi yemivubukulo yasolwandle iyisifundo esihlanganisa izici zesayensi yemivubukulo kanye nesayensi yasolwandle ukuze kufundwe, kulondolozwe, futhi kuhunyushwe ubufakazi bamasiko obuhlobene nolwandle, ugu, kanye namanzi angaphakathi nezwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlola ulwandle kuwumzamo womuntu wokuqonda nokuhlola ulwandle, okuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukutholakala kobuchwepheshe, kanye nolwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle, imisinga, kanye nezinsizakusebenza ezingaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zinsimu ezimbili ziyahambisana emizamweni yabantu yokuqonda umlando kanye namandla olwandle.
Umlando Wezinto Ezivubukulwa Ezasolwandle
Ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zasolwandle kuye kwathuthuka ngokushesha kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwezinto zakudala olugxile ngqo ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi lwenziwa ngo-1900 ngumvubukuli ongumGreki uValerios Stais, owahola ukuvubukulwa komkhumbi wase-Antikythera. Ukutholakala komshini wase-Antikythera, ithuluzi lasendulo elibhekwa njengelinye lamakhompyutha okuqala e-analog, kwavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zakudala zasolwandle njengesifundo esibalulekile.
Ngemva kwalokhu kutholakala, ucwaningo lwemivubukulo yasolwandle lwachuma ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokuntywila. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) ngawo-1940 kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe be-sonar kanye ne-Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) kwavumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole ukujula kolwandle ngokuphepha nangendlela ephumelelayo.
Amasu kanye Nendlela Yokuvubukula Izinto Zasolwandle
Indlela yokucwaninga ngezinto zakudala zasolwandle ayihlukile kakhulu kweyokucwaninga ngezinto zakudala zasemhlabeni, kodwa iletha izinselele ezihlukile ngenxa yemvelo yendawo engaphansi kwamanzi. Enye yezinselele ezinkulu isimo somzimba sendawo, esithinteka yizici ezifana nemisinga yolwandle, umfutho wamanzi, kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Ukuze babhekane nalezi zinselele, izazi zezinto zakudala zasolwandle zisebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene akhethekile, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukumapha Ngaphansi Kwamanzi: Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge-sonar, i-lidar, kanye ne-photogrammetry ukudala izethulo zezindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezinezilinganiso ezintathu.
2. Ukumba kanye Nokubhala Amadokhumenti: Ukusebenzisa imishini ekhethekile yokuntywila kanye nezinqubo zokubhala ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zobuciko ziyatholakala futhi zilondolozwe zisesimweni esihle kakhulu.
3. Ukuhlaziywa Kwelabhorethri: Izinto zobuciko ezitholwe olwandle zivame ukudinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile ukuze kususwe usawoti futhi kugwenywe ukubola.
Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa amasu e-dendrochronology (ukuqopha izihlahla) okhunini lomkhumbi kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nobudala bomkhumbi kanye nemvelaphi yokhuni olusetshenzisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela ye-oxygen isotope ingasetshenziswa ukunquma izimo ezishintshayo zamazinga okushisa olwandle ngesikhathi umkhumbi usebenza.
Ukuhlola Ulwandle
Ukuhlola ulwandle kuhlanganisa yonke imizamo yokuqonda nokuhlola ulwandle lomhlaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwesayensi mayelana nezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle, i-geology yasolwandle, imisinga yolwandle, kanye nezinsiza zemvelo ezingaba khona. Izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezihloliwe azihlanganisi nje kuphela ukuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi kodwa futhi nezindawo zamachweba, amadolobha angaphansi kwamanzi, kanye nezindawo zempi ezicwile.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokuhlola Ulwandle:
1. Ama-ROV (Izimoto Ezisebenza Kude) kanye nama-AUV (Izimoto Ezizimele Ezingaphansi Kwamanzi) yizindlela ezimbili zobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ezivumela ukuhlola okujulile kolwandle. Ama-ROV angamarobhothi alawulwa kude asetshenziselwa ukuqoqa idatha nokuthatha izithombe noma amasampula emanzini ajulile.
2. Okucwiliswa emanzini: Isithuthi esingayisa abacwaningi ekujuleni kolwandle ukuze benze izifundo eziqondile. Isibonelo, i-bathyscaphe Trieste edumile ecwiliswa emanzini yafika ngempumelelo phansi kweMariana Trench, indawo ejulile kakhulu eMhlabeni, ngo-1960.
3. Ubuchwepheshe Bokubona Izathelayithi Nokukude: Busetshenziselwa ukumaka nokuhlola izimo zolwandle emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa amaphethini amanje kanye namazinga okushisa olwandle.
Ukutholwa kanye Nomphumela Wakho
Ukutholakala kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi kunikeza ukuqonda okubaluleke kakhulu ngomlando wabantu basemanzini. Isibonelo, ukutholakala kwemikhumbi yempi yamaRoma oLwandle iMedithera kunikeza ukuqonda ngamandla empi kanye namakhono obuchwepheshe eRoma yasendulo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukutholakala kwemigwaqo nezakhiwo zasendulo phansi kolwandle lwase-Alexandria, eGibhithe, kuqinisekisa izinganekwane zomuzi wasendulo ocwile.
Ucwaningo lwemivubukulo yolwandle luphinde lusize ekuqondeni kwethu ukuhweba kwamazwekazi adlule. Ukutholakala kwemikhumbi eyaphahlazeka emanzini aseShayina egcwele izinto zobuciko ezivela eYurophu, ePheresiya nase-Arabia kunikeza ubufakazi bokuxhumana kwezohwebo emhlabeni wonke kudala ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuhlola kweYurophu.
Ukulondolozwa Nokulondolozwa
Isici esibalulekile sezinto zakudala zasolwandle ukulondolozwa nokulondolozwa kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi kanye nezinto ezitholakale ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izimo ezingaphansi kwamanzi zivame ukulondoloza izinto eziphilayo, okuthi uma zitholakala emhlabeni, zibole ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, uma izinto ezitholakale emanzini, zidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuwohloka.
Isibonelo esidumile umkhumbi wempi uMary Rose, umkhumbi wempi waseBrithani wekhulu le-16 owaphakanyiswa usuka phansi kolwandle ngo-1982. Ngemva kokuphakanyiswa, umkhumbi wadinga iminyaka yokulondolozwa ukuze ulondoloze ubuqotho bokhuni lwawo usebenzisa i-polyethylene glycol.
Ukulondoloza izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi kudinga nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ukuvimbela ukwebiwa kwezinto zobuciko kanye nomonakalo wezindawo ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. I-UNESCO yamukela iSivumelwano Sokuvikelwa Kwefa Lamasiko Elingaphansi Kwamanzi ngo-2001 ukuze ihlinzeke ngohlaka lwamazwe ngamazwe lokuvikela izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Umthelela Wokuhlola Ulwandle Esayensini Nasemphakathini
Ukuhlola ulwandle kube nomthelela omkhulu hhayi nje kuphela kwisayensi yasolwandle kodwa nasekuqondeni kwethu imvelo yoMhlaba. Ucwaningo ngemisinga yolwandle, amaphethini okufuduka kwezilwane zasolwandle, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokulondolozwa kwemvelo kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Okeanos Explorer luvumele ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezintsha, kanye nokuqonda okungcono kwe-geological kwe-plate tectonics kanye nezintaba-mlilo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zemijikelezo ye-carbon yolwandle kanye ne-biogeochemical zisiza ososayensi ukuqonda indima yolwandle ekumunceni i-carbon dioxide kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ezingeni lomphakathi, ulwazi ngomlando wasolwandle nowasolwandle lunegalelo ekwazini amasiko kanye nefa elihlanganyelwe. Ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala zasolwandle lusiza ekuletheni izindaba zesikhathi esidlule ekuphileni, njengokuhweba kwasendulo, impi yasolwandle, kanye nokusebenzisana kwamasiko, konke okucebisa ukulandisa komlando wesintu.
Isiphetho
Ukuvubukula olwandle kanye nokuhlola ulwandle kuyimikhakha emibili ehlobene enomthelela omkhulu ekuqondeni kwethu umlando, isiko, kanye nesimo semvelo yasolwandle. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela zocwaningo, singahlola ukujula kolwandle futhi sithole ifa lamasiko elifihliwe ngaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu okutholwe akugcini nje ngokucebisa ulwazi lwesayensi kodwa futhi kuqinisa ubuwena bethu bamasiko kanye nefa. Ngakho-ke, imizamo yokuvikela nokulondoloza izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi kumele iqhubeke ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zijabulele futhi zifunde ngomlando wethu ocebile wasolwandle.
