Imivubukulo eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye Nezimpucuko Zasendulo
I-Pendahuluan
Isayensi yemivubukulo iwukufunda ngesikhathi esidlule sesintu ngokuhlola izinsalela zezinto zaso. EMpumalanga Ephakathi, isayensi yemivubukulo idlale indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni umlando wemiphakathi yasendulo eye yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko labantu. Lesi sifunda siyikhaya leminye yemiphakathi emikhulu nendala kakhulu emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa iMesopotamiya, iGibhithe, iPheresiya, kanye namanye amasiko amaningana eLevant nase-Arabia. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukubaluleka kwesayensi yemivubukulo eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nezinye zezinto ezibalulekile ezinikeza ukuqonda ngale miphakathi yasendulo.
Umlando Wezinto Ezivubukulayo EMpumalanga Ephakathi
Ukuvubukula eMpumalanga Ephakathi kwaqala ngekhulu le-19 lapho abavubukuli baseYurophu naseMelika beqala ukufuna ubufakazi obuphathekayo bezindaba zeBhayibheli. Ukumba iZwe Elingcwele ePalestina kwaba yiphrojekthi enkulu, kamuva eyakhula yahlanganisa nezinye izindawo ezibalulekile njenge-Iraq, i-Iran, neGibhithe. Le mizamo yokuqala yayiqhutshwa kakhulu yizisusa zenkolo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umgomo washintshela ekuqondeni kwesayensi ngamasiko asendulo. Kuze kube namuhla, iMpumalanga Ephakathi isalokhu igxile kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezinto zakudala oluvela ezizindeni ezahlukene zemfundo.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Ezitholakale EMesopotamiya
IMesopotamiya, okusho ukuthi “izwe eliphakathi kwemifula,” okungukuthi iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, iyikhaya lenye yemiphakathi emidala kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinto eziningana ezibalulekile ezitholakale emivubukulweni eMesopotamiya zibonakala zibuyela emuva ekuqaleni komlando wesintu obhaliwe.
1. I-Ziggurat yase-Uri: Esinye sezikhumbuzo ezidumile eMesopotamiya yi-Ziggurat yase-Uri eningizimu ye-Iraq yanamuhla. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa yiNkosi u-Ur-Nammu cishe ngo-2100 BC ukuhlonipha unkulunkulu wenyanga, uNanna. I-Ziggurat imelela impumelelo emangalisayo yokwakha ekhombisa izinga eliphezulu lenkolo yomphakathi waseMesopotamiya.
2. Idolobha lase-Uruk: Idolobha lase-Uruk livame ukubhekwa njengomuzi wokuqala emlandweni wesintu. Ukumba kule ndawo kuye kwathola izinsalela ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nemibhalo yasendulo ebhekwa njengohlobo lokuqala lolimi olubhaliwe, okungukuthi i-cuneiform.
3. Ikhodi kaHammurabi: Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitholwe ekuqondeni umthetho wasendulo nobulungiswa yikhodi kaHammurabi, eyatholakala eBhabhiloni. Lo mbhalo unikeza ukuqonda okubanzi ngendlela imiphakathi yasendulo yaseMesopotamiya eyayihlela ngayo izimpilo zayo zenhlalo, zomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki.
Izinto ezitholwe eGibhithe
IGibhithe lasendulo lalingenye yemiphakathi emangalisayo nedumile emhlabeni. UMfula iNayile wawuyinsika yokuphila kanye nempucuko eyachuma izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
1. Amaphiramidi aseGiza: Amaphiramidi aseGiza, okuhlanganisa nePhiramidi laseKhufu (noma iCheops), aphakathi kwempumelelo enkulu kakhulu yokwakha yezwe lasendulo. Abonisa ikhono elimangalisayo lobunjiniyela nolwazi lwezinkanyezi lwaseGibhithe lasendulo.
2. Ithuna likaTutankhamun: Latholwa nguHoward Carter ngo-1922, ithuna likaTutankhamun eSigodini Samakhosi lisengenye yezinto ezitholwe ngokuvubukula eziphawuleka kakhulu. Isimo sethuna esicishe singabhubhi sinikeza umbono ojulile ngempilo yenkosi kanye nesiko laseGibhithe lomngcwabo.
3. IMedinet Habu: Isakhiwo sethempeli iMedinet Habu eNtshonalanga Thebes singenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zemivubukulo ezibonisa inkazimulo yaseGibhithe Lasendulo ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaRamses III. Imidwebo etholakala lapha inikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nemicimbi ebalulekile yomlando kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu baseGibhithe.
Izinto Ezitholwe ELevant
ILevant, ehlanganisa izindawo zanamuhla zakwa-Israyeli, iPalestina, iLebanon, neSiriya, iwubufakazi besiko elicebile nelihlukahlukene.
1. IMegido: Indawo yaseMegido, ehlotshaniswa ne-Armagedoni emasikweni e-eschatological, iveze izendlalelo eziningi zempucuko ethatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Izinto ezitholakale endaweni zihlanganisa izakhiwo ezinkulu, njengenkundla yasebukhosini kanye nemisele yamanzi yasendulo.
2. I-Ugarit: Idolobha lasendulo lase-Ugarit eSiriya linikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngomphakathi waseKhanani kanye nokuxhumana kwamasiko okwenzeka esifundeni. Amathebulethi obumba atholakala e-Ugarit embula enye yezinhlamvu zolimi ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni, eyasebenza njengesisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zokubhala zakamuva, okuhlanganisa izinhlamvu zolimi lwesiHebheru nesiGreki.
3. IMasada: Kwa-Israyeli, inqaba yaseMasada iwuphawu lokumelana kwamaJuda namaRoma. Ukumba endaweni kuye kwembula ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuphila ngaphakathi kwenqaba ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa, okuhlanganisa nokusabalalisa amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina ukudla.
Izinto ezitholwe ePheresiya nase-Arabia
I-Iran kanye neNhlonhlo yase-Arabia nakho kwaba negalelo engcebweni yemivubukulo yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngemivubukulo ehlukahlukene ephawulekayo.
1. IPersepolis: Indawo yasePersepolis e-Iran ingenye yemizi efanekisela inkazimulo yoMbuso WasePheresiya. Yakhiwa nguDariyu Omkhulu futhi yaqhubeka noXerxes, iPersepolis yayiyisikhungo esimangalisayo sokuphatha nesemikhosi. Imidwebo eqoshwe ezindongeni zasePersepolis ibonisa izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nemikhosi ebalulekile.
2. I-Pasargadae: Indawo ye-Pasargadae, inhloko-dolobha yokuqala yoMbuso Wama-Achaemenid owasungulwa nguKoresi Omkhulu, iyikhaya lesinye sezikhumbuzo zomlando ezibaluleke kakhulu e-Iran. Ukumba lapha kwembule izakhi ezahlukahlukene zokwakha ezibonisa ubukhulu bePheresiya yasendulo kanye nethonya layo kwezinye izimpucuko.
3. I-Petra: I-Petra eJordani iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sempucuko yamaNabataean eyayibusa imizila yokuhweba e-Arabia. Idolobha laziwa ngokwakhiwa kwalo okumangalisayo okuqoshwe ngamatshe kanye nohlelo lokuphatha amanzi oluyinkimbinkimbi, okubonisa ubunjiniyela kanye nekhono lamaNabataean lobuhle.
Isiphetho
Isayensi yemivubukulo eMpumalanga Ephakathi inikeza ithuba elibalulekile lempucuko yasendulo esekela izici eziningi zokuphila kwanamuhla namasiko. Ukutholwa ngakunye akugcini nje ngokwandisa ulwazi lwesayensi kodwa futhi kusisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono ifa lamasiko elicebile nelihlukahlukene lesifunda. Ngobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo, ikusasa lesayensi yemivubukulo eMpumalanga Ephakathi lithembisa ukutholwa okwengeziwe okuzothuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu umlando wesintu kanye nempucuko.
