Ukuvubukulwa Kwezinto Zasendulo eLatin America kanye Nempucuko YamaMaya
I-Pendahuluan
I-Latin America yisifunda esiphethe izimfihlo eziningi kanye nezimpawu zomlando omude wempucuko enkulu yesikhathi esidlule. Esinye sezidume kakhulu yimpucuko yamaMaya. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokujula nge-Maya, kubalulekile ukuqonda kuqala ukubaluleka kokuvubukula eLatin America. Izwekazi laseLatin America liyikhaya lezindawo eziningi ezibalulekile zokuvubukula ezinikeza ukuqonda ngempilo yemiphakathi yasendulo eye yathonya umhlaba wanamuhla.
Indima Yezinto Ezivubukulayo ELatin America
Isayensi yemivubukulo eLatin America iyinsimu yocwaningo egxile ekuqondeni imiphakathi yasendulo ngokusebenzisa izinsalela zezinto abazishiyile. Lezi zinsalela zingaba uhlobo lwezinto zobuciko, izakhiwo, imingcwabo, noma ngisho nezinto ezincane zansuku zonke njengamathuluzi asekhaya. Kulesi sifunda, isayensi yemivubukulo idlala indima ebalulekile ekwembuleni umlando nasekuhlinzekeni ukuqonda okujulile ngemiphakathi yangaphambilini eye yanyamalala noma yashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Njengoba ihlanganisa amasiko ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ama-Inca, ama-Aztec, ama-Olmec, kanye namaMaya, isayensi yemivubukulo eLatin America ayigcini nje ngokucebisa ulwazi lwethu ngesikhathi esidlule kodwa futhi isiza ekulondolozeni ifa lamasiko elakha ingxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi besizwe nesifunda. Isayensi yemivubukulo ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi, zezombusazwe, kanye nezomnotho zemiphakathi yasendulo zathuthuka kanjani nokuthi zasebenzisana kanjani nendawo yazo kanye neminye imiphakathi.
Impucuko YamaMaya
Enye yezimpucuko ezivelele kakhulu eziqokonyiswe ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala eLatin America yiMaya. Eyaziwa ngeminikelo yayo kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi, izakhiwo, izibalo kanye nokubhala nge-hieroglyphic, amaMaya ashiye ifa elimangalisayo eliqhubeka nokukhuthaza ososayensi nanamuhla.
Umlando Omfushane Wempucuko YamaMaya
Impucuko yamaMaya yachuma esifundeni esihlanganisa iningizimu yeMexico, iGuatemala, iBelize, iHonduras, ne-El Salvador. Yafinyelela esicongweni sayo phakathi kuka-250 no-900 AD, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yeClassic. Kodwa-ke, izimpande zempucuko yamaMaya zingalandelelwa emuva enkathini yangaphambi kweClassic, cishe ngo-2000 BC, lapho imiphakathi yezolimo yaqala ukuthuthuka futhi kwavela izindawo zokuhlala ezihlala njalo.
Izinkanyezi kanye nekhalenda
AmaMaya ayedumile ngolwazi lwawo olungavamile lwezinkanyezi. Akha amakhalenda amaningana anembe kakhulu, okuhlanganisa iHaab (ikhalenda yelanga yezinsuku ezingu-365) kanye neTzolk'in (ikhalenda yemikhosi yezinsuku ezingu-260), kanye nekhalenda le-Calendar Wheel, elalihlanganisa zombili izinhlelo ukulandelela imijikelezo yesikhathi emide. Kwakukhona ne-Long Count Calendar, eyayisetshenziselwa ukukala izikhathi zesikhathi ezinde kunezinkulungwane zeminyaka, kanye ne-Baktun Calendar, edume ngokubikezela umjikelezo omkhulu ophela ngo-2012.
Izazi zezinkanyezi zaseMaya zazisebenzisa izindawo zokubuka izinto njengalezo zaseChichén Itzá nase-Uaxactún ukuze zibuke ukunyakaza kwezinto zasezulwini, ezazihlobene kakhulu nemikhuba yazo yenkolo neyezolimo. Babenolwazi olujulile ngemijikelezo yelanga, inyanga, amaplanethi nezinkanyezi, okwathonya imicimbi ebalulekile yemikhosi kanye nokuhlelwa kwekhalenda labo.
Ubuciko kanye Nezakhiwo
Ukwakhiwa kwamaMaya nakho kuyamangalisa, kunemibhoshongo emikhulu, amathempeli, izigodlo, nezindawo zokubukela ezakhiwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amathuluzi ensimbi noma isondo. Ubuchwepheshe babo bokwakha basebenzisa i-limestone yendawo, eyayiqoshwe ngezandla ezinekhono ibe yizitini ezinkulu kanye nezithombe eziyinkimbinkimbi. Iziqongo zamabhoshongo zazivame ukufinyelelwa ngezitebhisi eziphakeme eziholela emathempelini aphezulu.
Izindawo ezidumile ezifana neTikal, Palenque, Copán, kanye neChichén Itzá zibonisa izakhiwo ezinkulu zamaMaya. Ebuciko obubonakalayo, baziwa ngemidwebo yabo eyinkimbinkimbi yamatshe, imidwebo yasezindongeni, kanye nezinto zobumba ezidwetshwe ngopende. Ingxenye enkulu yalo msebenzi wobuciko ibonisa izigcawu zenkolo, izinganekwane, impilo yansuku zonke, kanye nabaholi nonkulunkulu babo.
Uhlelo Lokubhala Nge-Hieroglyphic
Impucuko yamaMaya yayinenye yezinhlelo zokubhala ezithuthuke kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi impucuko yasendulo. Babesebenzisa ama-hieroglyphs ukurekhoda umlando, izinkanyezi, izinganekwane, kanye nemikhuba yenkolo. Lo mbhalo uvame ukutholakala ezikhumbuzweni, kuma-codex (izincwadi ezigoqiwe ezenziwe ngamagxolo), kanye nasezitsheni zobumba.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekuchazeni ama-hieroglyphs amaMaya, okuvumela abavubukuli ukuba baqonde kangcono izimpilo nezinkolelo zabo. Lokhu kuchazwa kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwezombusazwe zamaMaya, ezomnotho, kanye nenkolo, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwamadolobha kumanethiwekhi awo ezohwebo kanye nezivumelwano zezepolitiki.
Inkolo kanye ne-Cosmology
Izinkolelo zenkolo zamaMaya zaziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zazihilela onkulunkulu abaningi abamele izenzakalo zemvelo nezomhlaba wonke. Abaholi benkolo, noma “ah kin,” badlala indima ebalulekile emphakathini wabo, bevame ukukhonza njengabaholi bezombusazwe. Imikhosi yenkolo yayivame ukuhilela ukunikela konkulunkulu, amasiko egazi, kanye nemidanso yemikhosi ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukulingana phakathi kwemvelo nomphakathi.
I-cosmology yamaMaya ingumqondo ohlangene oxhumanisa izulu, umhlaba, kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba kube umbono owodwa ohlangene womhlaba. AmaMaya ayekholelwa ukuthi umhlaba uwumjikelezo waphakade wokudalwa nokubhujiswa, inkolelo ebonakala ekhalendeni lawo nasezinganekwaneni zawo.
Ukusimama Nokuwa
Nakuba amaMaya afinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthuka, impucuko yabhekana nokwehla okungaqondakali cishe ngo-900 AD. Kuye kwavezwa imibono eminingi mayelana nezimbangela zalokhu kwehla, okuhlanganisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo, impi phakathi kwamadolobha, nokunye.
Nokho, amaMaya awazange anyamalale ngokuphelele. Inzalo yawo isahlala eMelika Ephakathi futhi igcina amasiko awo amaningi. Ucwaningo lwemivubukulo luyaqhubeka nokuthola okwengeziwe ngempilo yamaMaya kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwawo nezinselele zemvelo.
Ifa Nokulondolozwa
Izindawo zemivubukulo yamaMaya ziyingcebo yamasiko elandisa indaba ecebile yale mpucuko ehlakaniphile. Kodwa-ke, zibhekene nezinsongo ezivela ekuphangweni, intuthuko yesimanje, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukulondolozwa kwazo kubalulekile. Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwabavubukuli, ohulumeni, kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni kuyadingeka ukuvikela nokukhuthaza ifa lamaMaya.
Isiphetho
Isayensi yemivubukulo eLatin America inikeze ukuqonda okumangalisayo ngempucuko eyakha umlando wesifunda, kanti iMaya ingenye yezindawo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu. Ngokuhlaziywa kwezinto zakudala, izakhiwo, kanye nemibhalo, singaziqonda kangcono izimpilo, izinto ezintsha, kanye nezinselele ezibhekene namaMaya. Ekugcineni, isayensi yemivubukulo isisiza ukuba siqonde ifa lethu lamasiko elihlanganyelwe futhi sifunde esikhathini esidlule ukuze sakhe ikusasa elingcono.
