Isayensi Yezinto Zasendulo kanye Nemfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Isayensi yezinto zakudala kanye nesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kungamagatsha amabili esayensi avame ukubhekwa njengahlukile, mhlawumbe ngisho nangokwehlukana. Kodwa-ke, ahlobene kakhulu futhi ayaphelelisana ekusisizeni siqonde umlando wesintu eMhlabeni. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi isayensi yezinto zakudala kanye nesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zisebenza kanjani ndawonye ukuze kwembulwe imvelaphi yabantu kanye nentuthuko yamasiko kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla.
Isingeniso Sezinto Ezivubukulayo
Isayensi yemivubukulo iwukufunda ngesikhathi esidlule somuntu ngokuhlaziya izinto nezinto ezishiywe ngabantu basendulo. Lezi zinto zingafaka amathuluzi amatshe, izinto zobumba, izakhiwo, ngisho nezinsalela zabantu nezilwane. Ngalezi zinto ezitholwe, izazi zemivubukulo zizama ukuqonda ukuthi abantu babephila kanjani, basebenza kanjani, futhi baxhumana kanjani nendawo abakuyo.
Ukuvubukula kwaqala ngesikhathi seRenaissance, lapho abahambi nezazi-mlando baqala ukumba amanxiwa asendulo aseRoma namaGreki befuna izinto zobuciko nemibhalo eqoshiwe. Kodwa-ke, kwaba ngekhulu le-19 lapho kwaba khona igatsha lesayensi elihlelekile nelihlelekile. Kuze kube namuhla, ukuvubukula kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje njengokuthwebula izithombe ngesathelayithi, i-LIDAR, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yasendulo ukuze kwembulwe izimfihlakalo zesikhathi esidlule.
Umbono Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ingumqondo wesayensi ochaza indlela izinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa nabantu, eziguquka ngayo kusukela kolunye uhlobo ziye kolunye ngenqubo yokukhetha kwemvelo. UCharles Darwin waziwa kakhulu ngenkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, eyanyatheliswa encwadini yakhe ethi "On the Origin of Species" ngo-1859. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isibe yisisekelo sebhayoloji yanamuhla.
Ngokusho kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abantu banamuhla (ama-Homo sapiens) bavela kokhokho bezinyamazane ababephila eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Ngokusebenzisa izinsalela ezitholwe futhi zahlaziywa, ososayensi bangalandelela ukuthi uhlobo lwabantu lushintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezindawo ezizungezile nezidingo zalo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwezinto Zakudala Nemfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Nakuba zingase zibonakale njengemikhakha ehlukene, isayensi yezinto zakudala kanye nesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlobene kakhulu ekutadisheni umlando wesintu. Isayensi yezinto zakudala inikeza ubufakazi obuphathekayo ngesimo sezinto zakudala kanye nezinsalela zasendulo ezisekela imibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyilapho isayensi yezinto zakudala inikeza uhlaka lwesayensi lokuqonda okutholakele kwezinto zakudala.
1. Ukutholakala Kwamathambo kanye Nobufakazi Bokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Isibonelo esisodwa esiqondile ukutholakala kwezinsalela ze-hominin (ukhokho wabantu) ezindaweni ezahlukene zemivubukulo e-Afrika nase-Asia. Lezi zinsalela, ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezifana ne-Australopithecus, i-Homo habilis, ne-Homo erectus, zibonisa izigaba ezahlukene zokuvela komuntu. Ukuhlaziywa kwalezi zinsalela kuvumela ososayensi ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zahamba kanjani ziqonde phezulu, zasebenzisa amathuluzi alula, futhi zakha ubuchopho obukhulu.
2. Izinto Zobuciko Nokuthuthukiswa Kwamasiko
Izinto zobuciko ezitholakale ngokumba kwezinto zakudala nazo zinikeza ukuqonda ngokuvela kwesiko labantu. Amathuluzi amatshe alula atholakala ezindaweni ze-Paleolithic abonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi yi-Homo habilis kanye ne-Homo erectus. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la mathuluzi aba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ayinkimbinkimbi, okubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bezandla kanye nobuhlakani bokucabanga.
Ngesikhathi seNeolithic, eminyakeni engaba ngu-10.000 eyedlule, abantu baqala ukulima izitshalo nokwakha izindawo zokuhlala ezihlala njalo. Lokhu kwaba yigxathu elikhulu ekuguqukeni kwamasiko abantu okwaziwa ngokuthi yiNeolithic Revolution. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo balesi sikhathi buhlanganisa izinsalela zezinhlamvu ezitshaliwe, izindlu zasendulo, namathuluzi ezolimo.
3. Izakhi zofuzo kanye neMivubukulo
Enye yentuthuko yakamuva ekhombisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto zakudala kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yasendulo. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhiphe i-DNA emathanjeni abantu basendulo futhi bayiqhathanise ne-DNA yabantu banamuhla. Lolu cwaningo luveze ubudlelwano bezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu banamuhla namaNeanderthal, kanye nokufuduka kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Isibonelo, ukutholakala kwe-DNA ezindaweni zemivubukulo eSiberia kubonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu banamuhla kanye ne-Denisovans, uhlobo lwe-hominin olwaluhlala e-Asia. Lokhu okutholakele kunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zabantu basendulo nokuthi lokhu kwathonya kanjani izakhi zofuzo zabantu namuhla.
4. I-Paleoanthropology: Inhlanganisela Yezinto Ezivubukulayo Nebhayoloji
I-Paleoanthropology igatsha lesayensi elifunda ngokuziphendukela komuntu ngokutadisha okuhlangene kwezinsalela, izakhi zofuzo, kanye nezinto zobuciko zamasiko. Kuyisibonelo sendlela isayensi yemivubukulo kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo engahlanganiswa ngayo ukuze inikeze isithombe esiphelele somlando wesintu.
Ngokutadisha izinsalela zekhanda, izazi ze-paleoanthropologists zingaqonda ukuthi isimo sekhanda nobuchopho bomuntu sashintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okwamanje, izinto zamasiko zinikeza umongo wokuthi lezi zinguquko zathonya kanjani ukuziphatha nokusinda komuntu. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwedatha yezinto zakudala kanye nezinto eziphilayo kusisiza siqonde ukuthi abantu bavela kanjani hhayi ngokomzimba kuphela, kodwa nangokwengqondo nangokwenhlalo.
Isiphetho
Isayensi yezinto zakudala kanye nemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyimikhakha emibili yesayensi ehambisanayo ekuqondeni umlando wesintu. Ngokutholakala kwezinsalela, izinto zobuciko, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo, singalandelela uhambo olude lokuziphendukela kwabantu kusukela kokhokho bethu bezinkawu kuya kuma-Homo sapiens ayinkimbinkimbi namasiko esiwaziyo namuhla.
Ucwaningo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu alugcini nje ngokuthakazelisa ososayensi kodwa futhi lunemiphumela ebalulekile ekuqondeni ubuwena bethu njengohlobo, indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nendawo esizungezile, kanye nendlela esithuthuka ngayo njengomphakathi. Le mikhakha emibili, ngezindlela zayo, iyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana, iveza izimfihlo zesikhathi esidlule futhi isisize ukuthi sihlole amathuba esikhathi esizayo.
Ngakho-ke, isayensi yemivubukulo kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo akuyona imikhakha emibili ehlukene, kodwa kunalokho izinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo eziveza ndawonye umlando wesintu kulo mhlaba.
