Ithiyori ye-Postmodernism ku-Anthropology Yesiko
I-Postmodernism iyisikole sokucabanga esibe nethonya elikhulu ku-anthropology yamasiko kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Akuyona nje "inkolelo-mbono eyodwa," kodwa kunalokho iqoqo lokugxekwa nezindlela eziphonsela inselelo izindlela zakudala zokuqonda isiko, ulwazi, kanye nemikhuba yokumelela. Ku-anthropology, i-postmodernism yavela njengempendulo ekubusweni kwemibono yesimanje—eyayivame ukukholelwa ekungakhethini, inqubekela phambili eqondile, kanye nekhono lososayensi lokubonisa iqiniso lezenhlalo ngokungakhethi. Nge-postmodernism, i-anthropology yakhuthazwa ukuba icabange kakhulu: iqaphele ukulinganiselwa kwabacwaningi, ubudlelwano bamandla ekukhiqizweni kolwazi, kanye namazwi ahlukahlukene ayekade enganakwa.
Isizinda Sokuvela Kwe-Postmodernism
I-Postmodernism yathuthuka kusukela kumongo wobuhlakani obanzi kwezesayensi yezenhlalo, ifilosofi, kanye nezifundo zamasiko. Abacabangi abanjengoMichel Foucault, uJacques Derrida, uJean-François Lyotard, noJean Baudrillard bavame ukuhlotshaniswa nenkulumo ye-postmodern. Bagxeka umqondo "weqiniso lendawo yonke" futhi banxusa ukunaka indlela ulwazi olubunjwa ngayo ulimi, inkulumo, izikhungo, kanye namandla. Ku-anthropology, ukuhlaziya kwe-postmodern kwathola amandla ngawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, lapho umkhuba we-ethnographic wakudala wawubhekwa njengozethemba ngokweqile ngokuthi "uchaza umphakathi" sengathi isiko lingabanjwa ngendlela ephelele nezinzile.
Ezikhathini zobukoloni kanye nezangemva kobukoloni, i-anthropology nayo yagxekwa ngokuba "isayensi yoMunye," ngezinye izikhathi ehlangene nezintshisekelo zamandla. I-Postmodernism iphonsela inselelo lesi simo: ubani onelungelo lokukhuluma ngobani? Izindaba ze-anthropologist zibumba kanjani isithombe samaqembu athile? Le mibuzo isusa i-anthropology ekukholelweni "encazelweni eqondile" iye ekuqapheleni ukuthi i-ethnography iyindlela yokubhala egcwele ukukhetha, ukuhumusha, kanye nezombusazwe zokumelwa.
Amaphuzu Ayinhloko Emibono Yangemva Kwesimanje Ku-Anthropology
1. Ukugxekwa kwe-metanarratives kanye ne-universalism
Esinye sezimpawu ze-postmodernism ukungabaza kwayo nge-metanarratives—izindaba ezinkulu zentuthuko, ukuqonda, noma intuthuko yomphakathi ezibhekwa njengezisebenza emhlabeni wonke. Ku-anthropology, i-metanarratives ivame ukuvela emibonweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma ekuhlanganiseni okukhulu okuhlela imiphakathi kusukela “kwendabuko” kuya “kwesimanje.” I-Postmodernism iyakwenqaba lokhu kuthambekela futhi igcizelela ukuthi amasiko anezinto eziningi, agcwele ukuphikisana, futhi awakwazi ukwenziwa lula abe uhlelo olulodwa lwentuthuko.
2. Ukwenqatshwa kwezimangalo zokungakhethi cala okumsulwa
I-Postmodernism ayisho ukuthi yenqaba ucwaningo lwesayensi, kodwa yenqaba isimangalo sokuthi abacwaningi bangaba abangathathi hlangothi nhlobo. Ku-ethnography, ukukhetha isihloko, indlela yokubuza imibuzo, ubudlelwano nabantu abanolwazi, ngisho nesitayela sokubhala kuzothinta "imiphumela" yocwaningo. Ngakho-ke, ukuzindla kubalulekile: izazi ze-anthropology zembula isikhundla sazo (isizinda senhlalo, izindinganiso, izintshisekelo zemfundo) nokuthi leso simo sithonya kanjani idatha kanye nokuhumusha.
3. Ukunaka ulimi, umbhalo, kanye nokumelwa
I-Postmodernism ikhuthaza ukufundwa kwe-ethnography njengombhalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imisebenzi ye-ethnography ayiqondwa nje njengemibiko yamaqiniso, kodwa njengezindaba ezinesakhiwo, inkulumo-ze, namasu okukholisa. Izazi ze-postmodern anthropology ziyabuza: "abalingiswa" ku-ethnography bakhiwa kanjani? Ngubani onikwa izwi, ubani othuliswayo? Ukukhethwa kwamagama kuyithinta kanjani imibono yeqembu elifundwayo? Le ndlela ivula isikhala sokugxekwa kwemibono engavamile, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezingavamile, kanye nokwenza lula.
4. Ukubuka okuningi kanye ne-polyphony
Esikhundleni sezwi elilodwa elibusayo labantu, i-postmodernism ikhuthaza i-ethnography ehlukahlukene kakhulu: ukwethula amazwi amaningi, okuhlanganisa izingcaphuno ezinde ezivela kubanikezi, izingxoxo, noma izindaba eziveza umehluko wemibono emphakathini. Isiko alibonwa njengohlelo olufanayo, kodwa njengendawo yokuxoxisana ngencazelo, ingxabano, kanye nomehluko wesigaba, ubulili, ubudala, inkolo, noma ubuzwe.
5. Amandla kanye nokukhiqizwa kolwazi
Iphefumulelwe yiFoucault, i-postmodernism igcizelela ukuxhumana kolwazi namandla. I-Anthropology ayithathi hlangothi ebuhlotsheni bamandla: izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, uxhaso locwaningo, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, kanye nezakhiwo zomhlaba wonke kungathonya izingqikithi zocwaningo kanye nendlela iziphetho ezithathwa ngayo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ze-postmodern zivame ukuhlangana nokugxekwa kwe-postcolonial, ubufeministi, kanye nezifundo ezingezona ezesimanje, ezifuna ukugqamisa amaqembu ahlukunyezwe yizindaba ezivelele.
"Inkinga Yokumelwa" kanye Nemikhuba Eshintshayo Ye-Ethnographic
Ku-anthropology, i-postmodernism ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkinga yokumelwa. Le nkinga iphawula ukuqaphela ukuthi i-ethnography akuyona "isibuko" esibonisa iqiniso njengoba linjalo, kodwa kunalokho isakhiwo. Imisebenzi okuxoxwe ngayo kabanzi kule mpikiswano ifaka phakathi i-anthology ethi "Writing Culture" (1986), eqokomisa izici zobuciko kanye nezepolitiki zokubhala kwe-ethnography.
Ngenxa yalokho, izinguquko eziningana emisebenzini yocwaningo ziye zagqama kakhulu: okokuqala, izazi ze-anthropology zibhala ngokusobala ngenqubo yasensimini—ukudideka, izingxabano, ukwehluleka, kanye nezinkinga zokuziphatha. Okwesibili, kukhona ukuzama izindlela zokubhala: ukusetshenziswa kwezindaba zomuntu wokuqala, ukuxoxa izindaba ngokubambisana, noma ukuxuba izinhlobo (isib. izindatshana, izikhumbuzo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezemfundo). Okwesithathu, kukhona ukusunduza ocwaningweni oluhlangene, lapho imiphakathi efundwayo ihileleka ekwakhiweni kwemibuzo, ukuyichaza, ngisho nokubhala imiphumela.
Iminikelo ye-Postmodernism ku-Anthropology yamasiko
I-Postmodernism yenza umnikelo omkhulu ngokuphazamisa indawo yokunethezeka yesifundo. Ikhumbuza i-anthropology ukuthi ingaweli ogibeni lokubiza iqiniso elilodwa noma isithombe esiqinile samasiko. Ngokugcizelela ubuningi kanye nomongo, i-postmodernism isiza i-anthropology ukuthi izwele kakhulu ekushintsheni okusheshayo komphakathi, ubunikazi obuhlanganisiwe, ukuhlakazeka, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, kanye nokuguquguquka kwabezindaba. Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu, isiko alikwazi njalo ukubhekwa njengesiko lendawo elizinzile; kunalokho, livame ukubunjwa ukuhlangana, ukushintshana, ngisho nokungqubuzana phakathi kwezingxoxo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-postmodernism ikhuthaza ukuziphatha kocwaningo okuqaphela amandla. Izazi ze-anthropology ziyakhunjuzwa ukuthi zizibuze: ingabe lolu cwaningo lubazuzisa labo abacwaningwayo? Iyini imiphumela uma izindaba ezithile zinyatheliswa? Ngakho-ke izazi ze-anthropology zikhuthazwa ukuba zibe nomthwalo wemfanelo kakhudlwana, kokubili ngokwendlela kanye nangokuziphatha.
Ukugxekwa Kwe-Postmodernism
Naphezu kwethonya layo, i-postmodernism nayo idonsele ukugxekwa. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu ukuthambekela kwayo ekuzivumelaniseni ngokweqile kwezinto: uma lonke iqiniso libhekwa njengokwakhiwa, kusengenzeka yini ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuhlaziywa okuqinile nokubuthakathaka? Abanye abagxeki bathi i-postmodernism igxila kakhulu embhalweni naselulwimini, inganaki izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nobumpofu, ubudlova, umsebenzi, noma ukungalingani kwezomnotho. Kukhona nokukhathazeka ukuthi ukuzindla ngokweqile kwenza i-ethnography "ibe ngomcwaningi" kunokuba ibe ngomphakathi ofundwayo.
Empeleni, izazi eziningi ze-anthropology zithathe indawo ephakathi nendawo: ukwamukela izifundo ze-postmodern mayelana nokuzindla kanye namandla okumelwa, kodwa zisalwela ukuhlaziywa okuqinile okusekelwe ezindabeni zomphakathi ezingokoqobo.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori ye-Postmodernist ku-anthropology yamasiko iyinhlangano ebalulekile eguqule indlela izazi ze-anthropologists ezibheka ngayo isiko futhi zibhala ama-ethnography. Iyayenqaba i-simplistic universalism, iphonsela inselelo izimangalo zokungakhethi ngokuphelele, futhi ifuna ukunakwa kolimi, ukumelwa, kanye nobudlelwano bamandla ekukhiqizweni kolwazi. I-Postmodernism iphinde ikhuthaze i-ethnography ecabanga kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene, okwenza kube nendawo yamazwi ahlukahlukene emphakathini.
Nakuba kungengenxa yokugxekwa kwayo—ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuhlobana kwezinto kanye nokuthambekela kokubhala ngokweqile—i-postmodernism ishiye ifa elibalulekile: i-anthropology eyazi kangcono, enokuziphatha okuhle, futhi ezwela kakhulu ezinkingeni zomhlaba wamasiko. Emongweni womphakathi wanamuhla oqhubeka ngokugcwele, indlela ye-postmodernism isiza i-anthropology ukuthi ihlale ibuza ukuthi siyiqonda kanjani “eminye” futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, siziqonde njengengxenye yaleyo nqubo yolwazi.
