Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Anthropology Njengesayensi
I-Anthropology, ethathwe emagameni esiGreki athi "anthrōpos" okusho umuntu, kanye nelithi "logos" elisho isayensi noma isifundo, ngokwezwi nezwi lisho isayensi noma isifundo sabantu. Kuyinsimu yesayensi efunda abantu ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa nezici zabo zamasiko, ezenhlalo, kanye nezebhayoloji. I-Anthropology njengesifundo iye yathuthuka isikhathi eside futhi inamandla kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube sesikhundleni sayo samanje. Okulandelayo umlando wentuthuko ye-anthropology njengesayensi.
Isikhathi Sangaphambi Kwe-Anthropological
Ngaphambi kokuba i-anthropology iqashelwe njengesifundo, imibono ngabantu namasiko yayikhona ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukulandisa kokuqala okubonisa ilukuluku mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwabantu kungatholakala emibhalweni yezazi zefilosofi zakudala ezifana noHerodotus no-Aristotle. UHerodotus, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uBaba Womlando," encwadini yakhe ethi "Imlando," waqoqa izindaba nedatha mayelana nemiphakathi eyahlukene enamasiko namasiko ahlukile kwawaseGrisi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Aristotle wathuthukisa imibono mayelana nokungafani phakathi kwabantu ngokusekelwe ekubonweni kwakhe kokuziphatha namasiko.
Nakuba phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakungekho ndlela yesayensi ehlelekile njengoba siyazi namuhla, le mibhalo ibonisa intshiseko yokuqala yokuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwabantu kanye nesisekelo sobudlelwano babo bezenhlalo.
Iminyaka Ephakathi Kuya Ekuvuseleleni
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, intshisekelo yokufunda ngamasiko akwamanye amazwe yancipha eYurophu ngenxa yokubusa kwenkolo kanye nezimfundiso zesonto. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kanye nohambo lwabahloli bamazwe abanjengoMarco Polo, kanye nokusabalala kobuKristu emhlabeni wonke, ulwazi mayelana namasiko akwamanye amazwe lwaqala ukuqoqwa futhi.
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, isikhathi esivame ukubhekwa njengokuvuselelwa kwengqondo namasiko, ukutholakala kwezwe elisha ngabahloli bamazwe abanjengoChristopher Columbus kwavusa ilukuluku ngabantu namasiko angewona aseYurophu. Ukubhalwa kwemibhalo yokuhamba kwalaba bahloli kwanikeza isisekelo esibonakalayo sokutadisha okuqhathanisayo kwamasiko nemiphakathi.
Isimanje Sokuqala: Ikhulu le-19
I-anthropology yathatha isimo esicacile njengesifundo ngekhulu le-19 ngokuthuthukiswa kwemibono mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye neminye imibono yesayensi. Umsebenzi kaCharles Darwin wango-1859, othi "On the Origin of Species," waba nethonya elikhulu. Izazi zokuqala ze-anthropology zasebenzisa lo mbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko kanye nomphakathi kwabantu.
U-Edward Burnett Tylor noLewis Henry Morgan babengabantu ababili abavelele abavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. UTylor, owaziwa kakhulu ngencwadi yakhe ethi "Primitive Culture" (1871), wethula umqondo "wamasiko" njengomzimba oyinkimbinkimbi wolwazi, inkolelo, ubuciko, ukuziphatha, umthetho, amasiko, nanoma yimaphi amanye amakhono nemikhuba etholwa abantu njengamalungu omphakathi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uMorgan, encwadini ethi "Ancient Society" (1877), wethula umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo komphakathi owachaza intuthuko yomphakathi kusukela ebudloveni kuya empucukweni.
Ikhulu lama-20: Ukuhlukahluka kanye Nezindlela Ezintsha
Ekhulwini lama-20, i-anthropology yahlukahluka e-United States naseYurophu. E-United States, uFranz Boas waba ngumuntu obalulekile ekusunguleni izisekelo zezindlela zesimanje ku-anthropology. UBoas waphonsela inselelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamasiko futhi wethula indlela yomlando eyayigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqoqa idatha yasensimini ngaphambi kokwenza ukujwayelana. Waphinde wakhuthaza umqondo "wokuhlobana kwamasiko," owagcizelela ukuthi isiko ngalinye kumele liqondwe ngokomongo walo.
Ezinye izazi ze-anthropologist, njengoMargaret Mead noBronislaw Malinowski, zethule indlela yokusebenza yasensimini ethanda imvelo futhi ebandakanya abantu eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukubuka okuhlanganyelwe.” UMead, ngocwaningo lwakhe eSamoa, kanye noMalinowski, ngezifundo zakhe eziQhingini zaseTrobriand, bashintshe indlela izazi ze-anthropologist ezazixhumana ngayo nemiphakathi ababeyifunda. Babonise ukuthi ukuqonda okujulile kwendlela yokuphila yeqembu kungatholakala kuphela ngokuhlala nalo isikhathi eside.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi esifanayo, umFulentshi uClaude Lévi-Strauss wethula indlela yokwakha i-anthropology, eyayibheka isiko njengohlelo oluhlaziywayo olufana nolimi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi amaphethini okucabanga kwabantu ayefana kuwo wonke amasiko, nokuthi izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zengqondo yomuntu zazibonakala ezicini ezahlukene zesiko, okuhlanganisa izinganekwane, amasiko, kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II: Intuthuko Yanamuhla
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, isifundo se-anthropology sathuthuka ngezindlela eziningana ezintsha. Olunye ushintsho olukhulu kwaba ukugxila okukhulu ezinkingeni zanamuhla kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi ezifana nezomnotho, ezombusazwe, kanye noshintsho lwezemvelo. Izazi ze-anthropology ezifana noClifford Geertz zakhuthaza indlela yokuhumusha kakhudlwana, zizama ukuqonda izincazelo zamasiko ngokombono womphakathi ofundwayo. UGeertz waziwa ngombono wakhe "wencazelo ebanzi," ohlose ukubhala phansi izenzo zomphakathi ngokuchaza ngokuphelele umongo wamasiko ngemuva kwazo.
I-sociobiology kanye ne-bioculturalism nazo ziyavela njengezindlela ezintsha, zethula umqondo wokuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kungachazwa ngokusebenzisana kwezici zebhayoloji kanye nezamasiko. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nayo ithonya izindlela zocwaningo lwe-anthropological, ngokusebenzisa i-ethnography yedijithali kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha kanye nokuzwa okukude kwezifundo zemivubukulo.
I-anthropology yangemva kobukoloni nayo isibe yinto ebalulekile, njengoba ukugxekwa kobandlululo lwaseNtshonalanga ekufundweni kwamasiko angewona awaseNtshonalanga sekuqala ukuvela. Ababhali kanye nososayensi be-anthropology njengencwadi ka-Edward Said ethi "Orientalism" bahlola ukuthi imibono yamakoloni ithonye kanjani ukumelwa kwabacwaningi baseNtshonalanga ngamasiko aseMpumalanga.
Isiphetho
I-anthropology njengesayensi iye yathuthuka ngendlela engavamile kusukela enkathini yakudala yemibhalo kuya enkathini yesimanje. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kubonisa izinguquko ekuqondeni kwabantu bona kanye nemiphakathi yabo. Izindlela kanye nemibono esetshenziswa ku-anthropology iguquke kusukela ekubonweni kokuqala kokuqagela kuya endleleni yesayensi ehlelekile nehlukahlukene.
Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokuguquka kanye namasiko abantu eba yinkimbinkimbi, i-anthropology ihlala ibalulekile futhi ivumelana nezimo, inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngalokho okushiwo ukuba ngumuntu ezimweni ezahlukahlukene. Lo mkhakha awusisizi nje kuphela ukuqonda isikhathi esidlule kodwa futhi unikeza amathuluzi okuxazulula izinkinga zomphakathi zanamuhla nokwakha ikusasa elingcono.
