Izindlela Zokuhlaziya Umbhalo Ezifundweni Ze-Anthropological
Ku-anthropology, "umbhalo" awusho njalo ukubhala ngomqondo omncane. Imibhalo ingafaka phakathi izingobo zomlando zamakoloni, amanothi asensimini, imibhalo yengxoxo, izincwadi ezingcwele, amagama ezingoma, okuthunyelwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ama-meme, ngisho nezingxoxo zansuku zonke eziqoshiwe. I-anthropology ibheka imibhalo njengemikhondo yencazelo ekhiqizwayo, esakazwayo, exoxwa ngayo, futhi exoxiswana ngayo empilweni yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kombhalo kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqonda ukuthi umphakathi wakha kanjani ubuwena, amandla, ukuziphatha, kanye nolwazi.
Ukuhlaziywa kombhalo ku-anthropology kuhlose ukuxhumanisa amagama nomongo: ukuthi ubani okhulumayo, kubani, kusiphi isimo, kusetshenziswa yiphi indlela, nokuthi yimiphi imiphumela yezenhlalo evela enkulumweni noma encwadini. Ngokungafani nezindlela ezihlola kuphela "okuqukethwe" kombhalo, i-anthropology ivame ukungabaza inqubo yokukhiqizwa kombhalo, ubudlelwano bamandla obuhambisana nawo, nokuthi umbhalo usetshenziswa kanjani esenzweni sezenhlalo.
1. Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqukethwe
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kuyindlela ekhomba izingqikithi, izigaba, kanye namaphethini okuvela kwamagama noma imibono ngaphakathi kweqoqo lemibhalo. Ku-anthropology, ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukumaka ukumelwa kwezindinganiso noma izinkinga ezithile—isibonelo, indlela abezindaba bendawo abaveza ngayo abafuduki, indlela imibhalo kahulumeni ebhekisela ngayo “ebuphofwini,” noma indlela imiphakathi eku-inthanethi exoxa ngayo ngobulili.
Le ndlela ingaba ukulinganisa (ukubala imvamisa yamagama/yetimu) noma ukulinganisa (ukuhumusha izigaba ngokujulile). Inzuzo yayo ukuthi isiza abacwaningi ukudala amamephu etimu ahlelekile avela kumasethi amakhulu edatha. Kodwa-ke, ukungalungi kwayo ingozi yokunciphisa incazelo uma umongo wezenhlalo kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa ulimi zinganakwa. Ku-anthropology, ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kuvame ukucebiswa ngolwazi lwe-ethnographic ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izigaba ezidalwe ziyahambisana nendlela imiphakathi yendawo eqonda ngayo la magama.
2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwenkulumo
Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kubhekwa ulimi njengomkhuba wezenhlalo obumba iqiniso, hhayi nje ukubonakaliswa kwalo. Abacwaningi bahlola ukuthi izinkulumo ezithile ziba kanjani "ezinengqondo," ezivamile, noma ezibusayo, nokuthi ezinye zikhishwa kanjani eceleni. Ezifundweni zezepolitiki ze-anthropology kanye nentuthuko, isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kusetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuthi amagama anjengelithi "ukunika amandla," "ukwenziwa kwesimanje," noma "ubandlululo" akhiqizwa kanjani emibhalweni yenqubomgomo nasezinkulumweni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela athinta izinhlelo kanye namalungiselelo ezenhlalo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kugxile nasezindaweni zezihloko: ukuthi ubani obhekwa njengogunyaziwe ukukhuluma, ukuthi ubani obekwe "njengenkinga," nokuthi ubudlelwano bamandla busebenza kanjani ngokukhetha amagama, isingathekiso, kanye nesakhiwo sempikiswano. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekwembuleni imibono efihliwe ngemuva kolimi olusemthethweni noludumile.
3. Ukuhlaziywa Kwendaba
Abantu baqonda umhlaba ngezindaba: izindaba zemvelaphi, okuhlangenwe nakho kokugula, uhambo lokuphila, noma izindaba zempumelelo nokwehluleka. Ukuhlaziywa kwendaba kuhlola ukuthi izindaba zakhiwe kanjani, iziza ezidalwe, abalingiswa babekwe kanjani, kanye nokuziphatha okwakhiwa kanjani. Ku-anthropology yezokwelapha, isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwendaba kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi iziguli zichaza kanjani ukugula kwazo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi “yisivivinyo,” “isiqalekiso,” noma “umphumela womsebenzi”—obe usuthonya ukukhetha ukwelashwa.
Le ndlela igcizelela isimo nomsebenzi wendaba, hhayi amaqiniso kuphela. Abacwaningi babuza: yiziphi izingxenye ezigcizelelwe, yiziphi izingxenye ezishiyiwe, imizwa yakhiwa kanjani, nokuthi indaba ixoxisana kanjani nezindinganiso zamasiko. Imiphumela ivame ukuveza ukuxhumana phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi ezibanzi.
4. Ukuhlaziywa kweSemiotiki kanye neSimpawu
I-Semiotics ifunda izimpawu, izimpawu, nokuthi incazelo yakhiwa kanjani ngobudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu (amafomu) kanye nezimpawu (imiqondo). Ku-anthropology, indlela yezimpawu ibheka imibhalo njengenethiwekhi yezimpawu ezibhekisela ezinhlelweni zenani kanye ne-cosmologies. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukuhlaziywa kwencazelo yezimpawu kuma-mantra, iziqubulo zesiko, noma izihlonipho eziphawula amazinga omphakathi.
Empeleni, ukuhlaziywa kwe-semiotic akubandakanyi nje ukufunda "incazelo" yezimpawu, kodwa futhi nokuhlola ukuthi izimpawu zisebenza kanjani ezimweni ezithile: ukuthi zisetshenziswa nini, ngobani, nokuthi izethameli zisabela kanjani. Uphawu olufanayo lungaba nezincazelo ezahlukene kuye ngomongo, ngakho abacwaningi kudingeka baqhathanise ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu kuyo yonke imicimbi yomphakathi.
5. Ukuhumusha Okujulile Nokuhunyushwa Okujulile
I-Hermeneutics isekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi ukuqonda umbhalo kuyinqubo ehlukahlukene yokuhumusha. Izazi ze-anthropology ezisebenzisa i-hermeneutics zizama ukungena ezweni lencazelo yesikhulumi noma umbhali, ngenkathi ziqaphela ukuthi umcwaningi uletha ukuqonda kwakhe. Le ndlela ifanele imibhalo eyinkimbinkimbi njengemibhalo yenkolo, izinganekwane, noma imisebenzi yezincwadi yendawo, lapho incazelo ingacaci khona ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Amandla e-hermeneutics atholakala ekufundeni ngokuzimisela: ukunaka ukungaqondakali, ukuphikisana, kanye nomlando wokuchazwa kombhalo. Kodwa-ke, i-hermeneutics iphinde ifune izinga eliphezulu lokucabanga ukuze abacwaningi "bangaphoqi" izincazelo ezivela ngaphandle. Ku-anthropology, i-hermeneutics ivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-ethnography ukuhlola indlela abantu abahumusha ngayo imibhalo emisebenzini yansuku zonke.
6. Ukuhlaziywa Kwengxoxo kanye Nokuhlukaniswa Kwezinhlobo Zokuxhumana
Uma imibhalo iqondwa njengemibhalo yokuxhumana, khona-ke ukuhlaziywa kwengxoxo kanye ne-ethnography yokuxhumana kuba yinto ebalulekile. Ukuhlaziywa kwengxoxo kuhlola imininingwane emincane njengokushintshana, ukuphumula, ukuhleka, ukulungisa, kanye namasu okuphazamisa. Le mininingwane ingaveza ubudlelwano bomphakathi, igunya, inhlonipho, noma ngisho nokungqubuzana okufihliwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ethnography yokuxhumana igcizelela imithetho yamasiko yokukhuluma: ukuthi kufanele kube nini ngqo, ukuthi kufanele kube nini ngokwezimo, ukuthi ubani ongagxeka bani, nokuthi isitayela solimi sibonisa kanjani isimo. Ku-anthropology, le ndlela isiza ukuqonda ukuthi "incazelo" ayigcini nje ngamazwi, kodwa futhi nangendlela, isikhathi, kanye nesimo lapho kukhulunywa khona.
7. Ukuhlaziywa Komlando Nokugcinwa Kwemibhalo
Imibhalo egciniwe—imibiko yamakoloni, amaphephandaba amadala, amarekhodi ezithunywa zevangeli, noma imibhalo yenkantolo—ivame ukusebenza njengezindawo zokungena zokuqonda ushintsho lomphakathi. Ukuhlaziywa komlando ku-anthropology kuhlola imibhalo njengemikhiqizo yenkathi ethile, equkethe ukucwasa, izintshisekelo, kanye nezigaba zolwazi oluqondene naleso sikhathi. Isibonelo, izindlela zamakoloni zokuhlukanisa ubuzwe noma amasiko zingabumba ezombusazwe zobunikazi kuze kube namuhla.
Le ndlela idinga ukugxekwa okuvela emthonjeni: ukubuza ukuthi ungubani umbhali, ukuthi idokhumenti yadalwa ngayiphi injongo, ukuthi ubani oshiywe ngaphandle kwerekhodi, nokuthi ulimi lokuphatha luveza kanjani "iqiniso" elibhekwa njengelingelona iqiniso. Ngakho-ke, izingobo zomlando azigcini nje ngokubamba amaqiniso, kodwa izinkundla zamandla nokumelwa.
8. Indlela Yedijithali: Ukuhlaziywa Kombhalo Okusiza Ukubala
Ezimweni zanamuhla, izazi ze-anthropology ziya ngokuya zihlangana nedatha yombhalo emikhulu: imibono yezokuxhumana, izinkundla zomphakathi, noma izindaba eziku-inthanethi. Izindlela zokubala ezifana nokumodela izihloko, ukuhlaziywa kwemizwa, noma amanethiwekhi wamagama zingasiza ekuboneni amaphethini ajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, izazi ze-anthropology zivame ukugcizelela ukuthi imiphumela yokubala idinga ukuchazwa ngokwe-ethnographic: ukuthi kungani izihloko ezithile zivela, ukuthi ukusebenza okuhlekisayo nokubhuqayo kusebenza kanjani, kanye nomongo wamasiko ngemuva "komuzwa."
Indlela exubile ivame ukusetshenziswa: abacwaningi basebenzisa amathuluzi edijithali ukudweba amaphethini, bese befunda ngokucophelela izibonelo ezibalulekile, behambisana nezingxoxo noma ukuqaphela ukuhlola izincazelo.
Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Ekuhlaziyweni Kombhalo We-Anthropology
Ngokuvamile, ukuhlaziywa kombhalo ezifundweni ze-anthropological kungalandela lezi zinyathelo: (1) ukunquma umbuzo wocwaningo kanye nohlobo lombhalo olufanele; (2) ukuqoqa idatha nokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha, ikakhulukazi imibhalo yangasese noma imiphakathi esengozini; (3) ukubhala nokuhlela idatha; (4) ukudala amakhodi okuqala kanye nezigaba zezihloko; (5) ukuhumusha amaphethini ngokuwaxhumanisa nezimo zenhlalo, zomlando, kanye nobudlelwano bamandla; (6) ukuqinisekisa ngokusebenzisa unxantathu—isibonelo, ukuqhathanisa imibhalo nokubuka kwensimu kanye nezingxoxo; (7) ukubhala imiphumela ngokucabanga kabusha, okungukuthi ukuqaphela isikhundla somcwaningi enkambisweni yokuhumusha.
I-Penutup
Izindlela zokuhlaziya umbhalo ku-anthropology zisekelwe ngokuyisisekelo esimisweni esisodwa: umbhalo uyisenzo senhlalo esingenakuhlukaniswa nomongo wokuphila komuntu. Ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kusiza ekuhleleni amaphethini, ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kwembula ubudlelwano bamandla, ukuhlaziywa kwendaba kuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho ngezindaba, i-semiotics ifunda izimpawu nezimpawu, i-hermeneutics igcizelela ukuhumusha okujulile, ukuhlaziywa kwengxoxo kwembula amandla okuxhumana, izifundo zokugcina umlando zilandelela umlando wokumelwa, kanye nezindlela zedijithali zivula ithuba lokufunda idatha enkulu. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zindlela ngokuzindla, i-anthropology ingabamba incazelo ephilayo—hhayi nje incazelo ebhaliwe—futhi ichaze ukuthi ulimi nombhalo kusiza kanjani ekwakheni umhlaba wenhlalo.
