Ukwakhiwa Kwezinkolelo-mbono Ngesizwe Nobuzwe
I-Pendahuluan
Kwezesayensi yezenhlalo, amagama athi isizwe kanye nohlanga avame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza ukwehlukahlukana kwabantu ngokusekelwe emvelaphi, isiko, ulimi, kanye nobunikazi obuhlangene. Nakuba evame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana engxoxweni yansuku zonke, la magama amabili anezincazelo ezihlukile zomqondo futhi anemiphumela yemfundiso kanye neyezepolitiki. Ukuqonda "izakhiwo zemfundiso" zesizwe kanye nohlanga kusho ukuwabona hhayi nje njengamaqiniso ezinto eziphilayo noma amalebula okuphatha, kodwa kunalokho njengomphumela wezinqubo zomphakathi, zomlando, kanye nezepolitiki ezakha indlela abantu abazihlukanisa ngayo nabanye. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo zomqondo zesizwe kanye nohlanga, indlela ososayensi bezenhlalo abaziqonda ngayo, kanye nendlela le mibono emibili esebenza ngayo emphakathini wanamuhla.
Ubuzwe njengeSigaba Sezenhlalo Namasiko
Igama elithi "isizwe" kumongo wase-Indonesia livame ukubhekisela emaqenjini omphakathi abelana ngemvelaphi efanayo, izilimi zesifunda, amasiko, kanye nezinhlelo zenani. Kodwa-ke, ngokwemfundiso, "isizwe" akusona isigaba esingathathi hlangothi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ku-anthropology yakudala, izizwe zivame ukuqondwa njengezindawo zomphakathi zendabuko ezihlala endaweni ethile, ezinezakhiwo eziqinile zobudlelwano, futhi "ezifanayo" ngokwesiko. Lo mbono wathonywa kakhulu izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokusebenza kwe-anthropology yakuqala, eyabeka imiphakathi esikalini sokuthuthuka kusukela "kokulula" kuya "kokuyinkimbinkimbi."
Inkinga iwukuthi, le ndlela ivame ukwenza kube lula iqiniso. Empeleni, amaqembu abizwa ngokuthi "izizwe" awahlali efana, ahlukene, futhi awahlali enemingcele ecacile. Amaqembu amaningi abhekana nokuhambahamba, ukushada kwabantu abahlukene, kanye nokushintshana ngamasiko phakathi kwezifunda. Ngakho-ke, abanye ososayensi bezenhlalo bakholelwa ukuthi "isizwe" siqondwa ngokunembile njengesigaba sezenhlalo-namasiko esakhiwe ngomlando omude wokuxhumana, okuhlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho kobukoloniyali, ukwakheka kwezizwe-zizwe, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuphathwa kwabantu.
Ubuzwe njengobunjalo obuguquguqukayo
Ngokungafani "nesizwe," esivame ukuqondwa njengeqembu lamasiko, ubuzwe buvame ukusetshenziswa ukugcizelela izici zobunikazi kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ubuzwe yindlela abantu namaqembu abazichaza ngayo—futhi abachazwa ngayo ngabanye—ngokusekelwe ezimpawini ezifana nolimi, inkolo, amasiko, inkumbulo yomlando, imvelaphi yendawo, noma ngisho nezimpawu ezithile njengezingubo nokudla.
Kumbono wezenhlalo wanamuhla, ubuzwe bubhekwa njengobuguquguqukayo nobomongo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuzwe bungaqina noma bube buthaka kuye ngesimo. Isibonelo, umuntu angase azizwe "engumuntu wobuzwe kakhulu" lapho esendaweni yabantu abambalwa, noma lapho ebhekene nokucwaswa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuzwe bungasabonakali kakhulu lapho esendaweni yomphakathi egcizelela okunye ukufana, njengomsebenzi, isigaba somphakathi, noma ubuzwe.
Ubudala: Ubuhlanga njengesibopho "esingokwemvelo"
Enye yezindlela zokuqala zokuqonda ubuzwe kwakuwukukholelwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Lo mbono ubheka ubuzwe njengesibopho esiyisisekelo esitholakala kubantu kusukela ekuzalweni—esixhunywe ngegazi, okhokho, ulimi lwebele, namasiko okhokho. Ngokwalo mbono, izibopho zobuzwe ziqinile, zingokomzwelo, futhi azikwazi ukushintsha ngoba zigxile kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila kusukela ebuntwaneni.
I-Primordialism iyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ubumbano lobuhlanga lungaba namandla kangaka, isibonelo ezimweni zokungqubuzana noma ukuncintisana ngezinsiza. Kodwa-ke, ukugxekwa okukhulu kwale ndlela ukuthambekela kwayo kokubuka ubuhlanga njengento ehlala njalo “njengemvelo,” naphezu kobufakazi obuningi bokuthi ubunikazi bobuhlanga bungashintsha, buxoxiswane, futhi “buphinde busungulwe” ngokwezidingo zomphakathi nezepolitiki.
Ubuciko Bezinsimbi: Ubuhlanga Njengethuluzi Lezepolitiki Nezomnotho
Ngokungafani ne-primordialism, i-instrumentalism ibheka ubuzwe njengomthombo wamasu. Ukuzazi kobuzwe kungasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuthola ukwesekwa kwezepolitiki, ukufinyelela kwezomnotho, noma izinzuzo zomphakathi. Kusukela kulo mbono, izicukuthwane zezombusazwe noma abaholi bamaqembu bangenza izimpawu zobuzwe zisebenze ukwakha ubumbano, ukugqugquzela izixuku, nokuqinisa isikhundla sabo sokuxoxisana.
I-Instrumentalism ichaza ukuthi kungani ubuhlanga buvame ukuqina ngesikhathi sokhetho, ngesikhathi sokusabalalisa usizo, noma lapho kuvela ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo phakathi kwamaqembu. Ubuhlanga abupheli, kodwa "buyasebenza" ngezikhathi ezithile ngoba bunezinzuzo ezisebenzayo. Ukugxekwa kwale ndlela ingozi yokunciphisa ubuzwe kube ukukhohlisa nje kwabaphezulu, lapho kwabaningi, ubuhlanga bubuye bube yinto yangempela yengqondo namasiko.
Ukwakha: Ubuzwe Ngenxa Yokwakhiwa Komphakathi
Indlela enethonya elikhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje i-constructivism. Lo mbono ugcizelela ukuthi ubuhlanga abuyona "imvelo" ngokuphelele, kodwa bubunjwa ngezinqubo zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi: imfundo, abezindaba, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, umlando wokufuduka, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu. Ubunikazi bobuzwe bukhiqizwa futhi bukhiqizwe kabusha ngezindaba ezihlanganyelwe, izimpawu, kanye nemikhuba yamasiko.
I-Constructivism igcizelela nokuthi imingcele yobuzwe ayiyona imigqa eqondile; yakhiwa ngenqubo "yokwehlukanisa." Umnikelo obalulekile ekutadisheni ubuzwe umqondo wokuthi okubaluleke kakhulu akusikho okuqukethwe ngamasiko eqembu, kodwa kunalokho imingcele yezenhlalo ehlukanisa "thina" "kubo." Le mingcele ingagcinwa ngomshado wangasese, imibono engafani, imithetho yendabuko, noma ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi.
Ubuzwe, Uhlanga, kanye neSizwe-Umbuso
Esimweni sanamuhla, izingxoxo ngesizwe kanye nohlanga azihlukaniseki emibonweni yohlanga kanye nombuso wesizwe. Uhlanga beluhlotshaniswa nokwehluka ngokomzimba ngokomlando, kodwa izazi eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi uhlanga luphinde lube yinto eyakheke emphakathini—eyakhiwe umlando wamakoloni kanye nezikhundla zamandla. Uhlanga ngezinye izikhathi “luhlukaniswa ngokohlanga” lapho izici zomzimba zisetshenziswa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuphathwa ngokwehlukana kwamaqembu athile.
Izizwe-izifunda nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ubuwena. Ngokubalwa kwabantu, imfundo, izinqubomgomo zolimi, kanye nokuphathwa kwendawo, izifundazwe zingahlukanisa abantu ngezigaba ezithile. Kwezinye izimo, izifundazwe zikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu ngenxa yobunye besizwe; kwezinye, ziqaphela ubuningi ngokuzimela kwesifunda, ukuqashelwa kwemiphakathi yomdabu, noma ukuvikelwa kwezizwe ezincane. Ngakho-ke, ubuhlanga nobuzwe akuzona nje izindaba zamasiko kodwa futhi kuhlobene nokubusa, amandla, kanye namalungelo ezakhamuzi.
Ubunikazi Obunezingqimba kanye Nokuhlangana Kwezingqimba
Abantu ngabanye abanabo ubuwena obubodwa. Umuntu angaba ngowesizwe esithile, abe nobuwena obuthile bobuzwe noma benkolo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo abe ngowesigaba esithile somphakathi, ubulili, kanye nesizukulwane. Umqondo wokuhlangana kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi lobu buwena buhlangana kanjani futhi bukhiqize okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile komphakathi. Isibonelo, okuhlangenwe nakho kowesifazane ovela eqenjini elincane lohlanga kungahluka kokwendoda evela eqenjini elifanayo lohlanga, njengoba ubudlelwano bobulili kanye nokufinyelela kwezomnotho kuthonya isikhundla sabo somphakathi.
Emiphakathini yasemadolobheni nasemhlabeni wonke, ubunikazi bobuzwe nabo buya ngokuya buba nzima. Ukufuduka, imfundo yesimanje, kanye nemidiya yedijithali kwenza abantu bakwazi ukwamukela ubunikazi obuxubile: ukugcina amasiko omndeni ngenkathi bephinde bakhe izindlela ezintsha zokuphila, ezixubile kanye nezamasiko ahlukahlukene.
I-Penutup
Ukwakhiwa kwemibono ngohlanga kanye nesizwe kubonisa ukuthi akuzona nje izigaba zemvelo, kodwa kunalokho kuyimibono eyakhiwe umlando, ukusebenzisana komphakathi, kanye namandla. I-Primordialism igcizelela izibopho ezijulile zobukhokho, i-instrumentalism ibheka uhlanga njengethuluzi elibalulekile, kuyilapho i-constructivism ibeka uhlanga njengobunikazi obakhiwe futhi obuxoxiswana ngabo. Eqinisweni lomphakathi, le mibono emithathu iyahambisana, ichaza ukuthi kungani uhlanga ngezinye izikhathi lubonakala luzinzile, ngezinye izikhathi lushintsha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi luba umthombo wobumbano noma ingxabano. Ukuqonda lolu hlaka lwemibono kubalulekile ekuchazeni ngokujulile ukwehlukahluka komphakathi, ukugwema imibono engafani, kanye nokuklama izinqubomgomo ezilinganayo emiphakathini enamasiko amaningi.
