I-Ethnography Ebonakalayo kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwemidiya Ocwaningweni Lwe-Anthropological
I-ethnography ebonakalayo iyindlela esetshenziswayo ku-anthropology esebenzisa izithombe, izithombe, amafilimu, amavidiyo, kanye neminye imithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene ukuqonda, ukuqopha, nokuhumusha impilo yabantu yezenhlalo namasiko. Ngenkathi i-ethnography yakudala incike kakhulu kumanothi asensimini, izingxoxo, kanye nokubuka kwabahlanganyeli, i-ethnography ebonakalayo yandisa indlela abacwaningi “ababona” futhi “babonise” ngayo iqiniso. Ayinikezi nje kuphela idatha eyengeziwe kodwa futhi ivula amathuba amasha okuhlaziya: indlela abantu abaziveza ngayo, indlela izindawo zomphakathi ezihlelwe ngayo, indlela izinto nezimpawu ezisebenza ngayo, kanye nendlela ubudlelwano bamandla obukhona ngayo emikhubeni yansuku zonke.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe—kusukela kumakhamera edijithali kuya kuma-smartphone kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana—kuye kwafaka i-ethnography ebonakalayo ekubalulekeni okukhulu. Imidiya ayiseyona nje ithuluzi lokubhala imibhalo; isibe yingxenye yezwe lezenhlalo elifundwayo. Izazi ze-anthropology manje azigcini nje ngokuqopha imikhuba yamasiko kodwa futhi zihlola indlela imiphakathi ekhiqiza futhi isebenzise ngayo imithombo yezindaba, kanye nendlela imithombo yezindaba ebumba ngayo ubuwena, inkumbulo ehlangene, kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo.
Umlando Omfushane kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Visual Ethnography
I-ethnography ebonakalayo isukela emuva ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe ohambweni lwe-anthropological ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngaleso sikhathi, izithombe zazivame ukusetshenziswa "ukuhlukanisa" izinhlobo zabantu - umkhuba owagxekwa kamuva ngenxa yokubandlulula kwawo kwamakoloni nezinkinga zokuziphatha. Njengoba i-anthropology ithuthuka, ukusetshenziswa kwekhamera kwashintsha kusuka ethuluzini lokubhala uhlu kuya endleleni yokubhala imibhalo ehambisana nesimo: ukuthwebula imisebenzi yansuku zonke, izindawo, kanye nokusebenzisana.
Amafilimu e-ethnographic nawo adlala indima ebalulekile. Abenzi bamafilimu e-ethnographic bazama ukubamba imikhuba yamasiko ngendlela ebhekwa njengesondelene nokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwavela ukugxekwa: amafilimu awalokothi angathathi hlangothi, njengoba ehlala ehilela ukukhetha kokuhlela, umbono, ukuhlela, kanye nokulandisa. Imisebenzi ebonakalayo ibonisa isikhundla sabadali bayo. Lokhu kuqwashisa kukhuthaza ukusabela kwengqondo—abacwaningi bayaqaphela indima yabo kanye nethonya labo enkambisweni yokukhiqizwa kolwazi.
Izinhlobonhlobo Zezindaba Ocwaningweni Lwe-Anthropology
Ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya ku-anthropology namuhla kuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Izithombe zisetshenziselwa ukuthwebula imininingwane yezinto ezibonakalayo zamasiko: izingubo, izindlu, amathuluzi okusebenza, ukudla, kanye nezinkulumo kanye nokushukuma komzimba. Ividiyo iwusizo ekuthwebuleni izinto ezinzima ukuzithwebula kumarekhodi abhaliwe, njengezigqi zomsebenzi ezihlangene, imidanso, izinqubo zesiko, noma izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqoshwa komsindo kusiza ukuhlola ulimi, iphimbo, umculo, umthandazo, kanye nomsindo wendawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yezindaba yedijithali yandisa ububanzi bedatha. Izazi ze-anthropology zingahlaziya okuthunyelwe kwe-Instagram, amavidiyo e-TikTok, amaqembu e-WhatsApp, izingobo zomlando zedijithali zomphakathi, ngisho nama-memes njengezinhlobo zokuveza amasiko. Imithombo yezokuxhumana ayigcini nje ngomthombo wedatha kodwa futhi iyindawo yokuxhumana nabantu, lapho kuxoxiswana khona ngobunikazi, ubumbano, kanye nokungqubuzana. Ngakho-ke, i-ethnography ebonakalayo akusho ukuthi "ukwenza amafilimu"; ingasho futhi ukuqonda izimiso zemvelo ezibonakalayo nezedijithali ezibumba impilo yansuku zonke.
Indlela Yokwenza: Kusukela Ekubukeni Kuya Ekukhiqizeni Ngokubambisana
Empeleni, i-ethnography ebonakalayo ivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izindlela ze-ethnography. Ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli kuhlala kuyisisekelo, kodwa kuqiniswa yimibhalo ebonakalayo ehlelekile. Abacwaningi kudingeka bacabangele ukuthi bazothatha nini izithombe, ukuthi yini okufanele bayiqophe, nokuthi bangayivumelanisa kanjani inqubo yokuqopha nobudlelwano bezenhlalo emkhakheni. Ukudubula ngaphandle kobudlelwano obuhle kungavusa ukusola noma ngisho nokwenqatshwa.
Izindlela zokubambisana ziyasetshenziswa kakhulu, isibonelo ngezindlela zokuthatha izithombe (izithombe zisebenza njengeziqalo zengxoxo) noma ividiyo ehlanganyelayo (ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekukhiqizweni kwamavidiyo). Ekuthatheni izithombe, abacwaningi babonisa abahlanganyeli izithombe ukuze baveze izinkumbulo, izincazelo, kanye nezindaba ezingase zingaveli ngezingxoxo zendabuko. Kuvidiyo ehlanganyelayo, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela njengabathwebuli bezithombe, abaqondisi, noma abalandisi bezindaba. Le ndlela isiza ukunciphisa umbono womcwaningi olawulayo futhi ivumela ukuzimela.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha Ebonakalayo: Okungaphezu Kwemifanekiso Nje
Enye yezinselele ze-ethnography ebonakalayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ayibi "izithasiselo" noma imifanekiso nje. Idatha ebonakalayo idinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela, njengoba nje umbhalo uhlaziywa ku-ethnography. Ukuhlaziywa kungafaka: ukwakheka kwesithombe, okugqanyisiwe nokunganakwa, ubudlelwano phakathi kwesihloko nendawo, ukubonakaliswa komzimba, kanye namaphethini okuxhumana. Kuvidiyo, abacwaningi baphinde bacabangele ubude besikhathi, ukulandelana kwezigcawu, umsindo, kanye nezikhathi zokuthula ezinenjongo.
Kubalulekile futhi ukufunda izithombe ngaphakathi komongo wamasiko endawo. Isenzo singase sibe nezincazelo ezahlukene emiphakathini ehlukene; into ebonakala ijwayelekile ingaba nenani elibalulekile lomfanekiso. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa okubonakalayo kufanele kuhlanganiswe nomsebenzi wasensimini, izingxoxo, kanye nokuqonda komlando.
Ukuziphatha kanye Nezepolitiki Zokumelwa
I-ethnography ebonakalayo inemiphumela ebalulekile yokuziphatha ngoba izithombe namavidiyo anezinga eliphezulu lokusatshalaliswa. Imvume enolwazi iba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: ingabe ababambiqhaza bayaqonda ukuthi izithombe zizoshicilelwa kuphi, obani abangazithola, nokuthi yiziphi izingozi abangabhekana nazo? Esimweni sedijithali, isithombe singasabalala ngale kokulawula komcwaningi futhi sidale imiphumela yomphakathi kulabo abathintekayo—njengokucwaswa, ukungqubuzana, noma ukubhekwa.
Abacwaningi kumele futhi bacabangele udaba lokungaziwa. Ngokungafani nombhalo, ongafihla amagama nezindawo, izithombe zivame ukubonisa ubuso, izindlu, noma izimpawu zokuhlonza ngqo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukufiphaza noma ukusebenzisa ama-engeli athile kuyadingeka, kodwa ngisho nalezi zinyathelo zingashintsha incazelo yedatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemibuzo mayelana nobunikazi bomsebenzi: ubani ongumnikazi wezithombe namafilimu? Ingabe imiphakathi inokufinyelela, izinzuzo, noma ukulawula ukumelwa kwazo?
Izombusazwe zokumelwa nazo zibalulekile: ukuthi ubani olandisa indaba, ubheka ngamuphi umbono, nokuthi yiziphi izilaleli. Amafilimu noma izithombe ze-ethnographic zingaqinisa imibono engafani uma ziqokomisa kuphela izici "ezingavamile" noma "zendabuko" ngaphandle kokubonisa ubunzima bempilo yanamuhla kanye namazwi ahlukahlukene emiphakathini. Ngakho-ke, i-ethnography ebonakalayo enomthwalo wemfanelo idinga ukuzindla, ingxoxo, kanye nokucaca.
Izinzuzo Zokubona I-Ethnography Ku-Anthropology Yanamuhla
I-ethnography ebonakalayo inamandla okuhlanganisa ulwazi lwezemfundo nezilaleli eziningi. Amadokhumentari e-ethnography, imibukiso yezithombe, noma amaphrojekthi e-multimedia angafinyelela izilaleli ngale kwekhampasi, avuselele izingxoxo zomphakathi, futhi athuthukise ukuqonda kwamasiko ahlukahlukene. Ezimweni zemfundo, imithombo yezindaba ebonakalayo nayo isiza abafundi ukuqonda imikhuba yamasiko ngendlela eqondile kunokufunda nje izincazelo.
Ocwaningweni, abezindaba bavumela abacwaningi ukuthi babambe izici okunzima ukuzibhala phansi, njengemininingwane yokuhamba, isimo sendawo, noma ubudlelwano bezinto nezinto ezizungezile. Zingasebenza futhi njengemibhalo yamasiko ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi lapho imikhuba ishintsha ngokushesha ngenxa yokufudukela emadolobheni, ukufuduka, noma intuthuko yezomnotho.
I-Penutup
I-ethnography ebonakalayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemidiya kushintshe indlela i-anthropology esebenza ngayo: kusukela ekubhaleni nje ngemiphakathi kuya ekuklameni izindlela zokubonisa nokuxoxa ngempilo yomphakathi ngezithombe, imisindo, kanye nezindaba ze-multimedia. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi abezindaba abawona amafasitela angathathi hlangothi "eqinisweni njengoba linjalo." Bahlala behilela ukukhetha, ukuhumusha, kanye nobudlelwano bamandla. Ngakho-ke, i-ethnography enhle ebonakalayo idinga kokubili amakhono obuchwepheshe kanye nokuzwela kwendlela kanye nokuziphatha.
Esikhathini sedijithali, lapho cishe noma ubani engakhiqiza futhi asakaze okuqukethwe okubonakalayo, i-anthropology ibhekene namathuba amakhulu kanye nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi. I-ethnography ebonakalayo inikeza indlela yokuqonda umhlaba okhula ube yidijithali ngenkathi uhlala usekelwe ezimisweni eziyinhloko ze-anthropology: ukulalela, ukuhlala nabo, nokuqonda abantu ngokomongo wezimpilo zabo.
