Indlela I-Anthropology Esiza Ngayo Ekuqondeni Umphakathi
I-Anthropology iwukufunda kwabantu ngezici ezahlukene, kusukela emasikweni naselulwimini kuya ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, kuya ekusebenzisaneni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Njengesifundo sezemfundo, i-anthropology inikeza indlela ehlukile ephelele nehlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene, ehlose ukuqonda ubunzima bokuphila komuntu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi i-anthropology inikela kanjani ekuqondeni okuphelele komphakathi, siqokomise ezinye zezindlela ezibalulekile kanye nemibono esetshenziswa kulo mkhakha.
Indlela Ephelele Nehlanganisa Imikhakha Ehlukahlukene
Indlela ehlanganisa konke ku-anthropology isho ukuthi izazi ze-anthropology azigxili nje esicini esisodwa sokuphila komuntu, kodwa kunalokho ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezixhumene. Isibonelo, ukuze aqonde ukuziphatha kweqembu ngokwesimo sempilo, isazi sezokwelapha se-anthropologist singase sicabangele izici ezifana nomlando, ezomnotho, izinhlelo zezinkolelo, kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Indlela yokusebenzisa imikhakha eyahlukene ivumela i-anthropology ukuthi iboleke izindlela kanye nemibono evela kwezinye imikhakha eyahlukene, njenge-biology, i-archaeology, i-linguistics, i-sociology, kanye ne-psychology. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuhlaziywa futhi kuveza ukuqonda okubanzi komphakathi.
Indlela Ye-Ethnographic
Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-anthropology yi-ethnography, ehilela ukubheka insimu kanye nokuhlanganyela empilweni yansuku zonke yeqembu elifundwayo. Ngokusebenzisa i-ethnography, izazi ze-anthropology zingaqonda imikhuba yamasiko, izindinganiso, kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi ngokombono womuntu ongaphakathi. Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu ekubambeni izici eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuxhumana kwezenhlalo namasiko ezingaphuthelwa yizindlela eziningi zocwaningo oluningi.
Isibonelo, uClifford Geertz, isazi semvelaphi yabantu esidumile, wasebenzisa i-ethnography ukuze aqonde isiko laseBalinese ngokufunda kwakhe ngokulwa kwamaqhude. Ngokubuka okuqondile kanye nokubamba iqhaza, uGeertz wakwazi ukuthola izincazelo ezingokomfanekiso nezenhlalo zokulwa kwamaqhude emphakathini obanzi waseBalinese.
Izilimi ze-Anthropological
Izilimi ze-anthropological zihlola ukuthi ulimi luthonya futhi luthonywa kanjani impilo yezenhlalo namasiko. Ulimi aluyona nje indlela yokuxhumana kodwa futhi lubonisa umbono womphakathi ngezwe. Ngokutadisha amaphethini olimi, izakhiwo zohlelo lolimi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kolimi ezimweni zenhlalo, izazi zezilimi ze-anthropology zingaveza izici ezahlukahlukene zobunikazi beqembu, amandla okushintshashintsha, kanye noshintsho emphakathini.
Isibonelo, izifundo zika-Edward Sapir noBenjamin Lee Whorf ze-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis zibonisa ukuthi ulimi lungathonya indlela esicabanga futhi siqonde ngayo umhlaba. Ulimi lwama-Inuit, olunamagama amaningi eqhwa, isibonelo, lubonisa ukwehlukahlukana kwezehlakalo zeqhwa ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke.
I-Anthropology Yezinto Eziphilayo
I-anthropology yezinto eziphilayo (noma ezingokwenyama) igxila ezicini zezinto eziphilayo zabantu kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nendawo abakuyo. Ngokutadisha izinsalela, izitho zomzimba, kanye nezakhi zofuzo, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zinganikeza ukuqonda ngomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu, impilo yabantu, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zemvelo.
Ucwaningo lwe-anthropology yezinto eziphilayo luvame ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo namasiko. Isibonelo, ukufunda ukuthi amasiko ahlukene abhekana kanjani nokucindezeleka nokuthi kuthinta kanjani impilo yomzimba kungaveza ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwendawo yomphakathi nempilo.
I-Arkeology
Njengegatsha le-anthropology, i-archaeology isiza ukuqonda imiphakathi ngokutadisha izinsalela zezinto zakudala. Ngokumba izinto zobuciko, izakhiwo zokwakha, kanye nezinto zemvelo, izazi ze-archaeology zingakha kabusha impilo yansuku zonke, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi kwemiphakathi elahlekile kudala.
Isibonelo, ucwaningo ngempucuko yamaMaya eMesoamerica ngokusebenzisa ukumba kwezinto zakudala luye lwembula ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nohlelo lwayo lwezolimo, ikhalenda, izinkolelo zenkolo, kanye nezizathu zokuwa kwayo. Izinto zakudala zanamuhla zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengokulinganisa isikhathi se-radiocarbon, ukuqonda okukude, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yasendulo ukuthola idatha enembile nenemininingwane eminingi.
I-Anthropology Yezomnotho
I-anthropology yezomnotho ifunda indlela imiphakathi ehlela ngayo ukukhiqizwa, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Ekuqondeni umnotho womphakathi, izazi ze-anthropology yezomnotho azigxili nje kuphela ezindleleni zemakethe kodwa futhi nasezimisweni zomphakathi, izindinganiso zamasiko, kanye nezinhlelo zezinkolelo ezibumba ukuziphatha kwezomnotho.
Isibonelo, uMarcel Mauss, encwadini yakhe ethi "The Gift," uxoxa ngendlela imikhuba yokupha izipho kuzo zonke izizwe engeyona nje imisebenzi yezomnotho kodwa futhi iyindlela ebalulekile yokwakha nokugcina ubudlelwano bezenhlalo. Izifundo ezinjalo zisisiza siqonde ukuthi ezomnotho azinakuhlukaniswa nezimo zomphakathi nezamasiko ezibanzi.
Izinkinga Zanamuhla kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwe-Anthropology
I-anthropology nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni nasekubhekaneni nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zesimanje ezifana nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba, ukufuduka kwabantu, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, impilo yomhlaba wonke, kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Ngendlela yayo ephelele, i-anthropology inikeza umbono oyingqayizivele ongasiza ekwenziweni kwezinqubomgomo kanye nezixazululo ezisebenzayo.
Isibonelo, esimweni sokufuduka, izazi ze-anthropologist zingasiza ekwakheni izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa ezingagxili nje kuphela ezicini zomnotho kodwa nasezicini zenhlalo namasiko. Bangenza ucwaningo lwasensimini ukuze baqonde izinselele ezibhekene nemiphakathi yabokufika nokuthi izinqubomgomo zingashintshwa kanjani ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zabo kangcono.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi ze-anthropology zivame ukusebenza ngokubambisana nezinhlangano ezingezona ezikahulumeni (ama-NGO), ohulumeni, kanye nezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nobumpofu, ukungalingani, kanye nokulondolozwa kwamasiko. Isibonelo, isazi se-anthropology samasiko uRuth Benedict wasebenza nohulumeni wase-United States ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II ukuqonda isiko laseJapan nokuthuthukisa amasu asebenza kahle kakhulu okuxhumana nabantu kanye nokwenza ukuthula.
Isiphetho
I-Anthropology, ngendlela yayo ephelele nehlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene, idlala indima ebalulekile ekusisizeni siqonde umphakathi. Izindlela zocwaningo ezifana ne-ethnography, izifundo zolimi, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zakudala, kanye nezindlela zezinto eziphilayo zinikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezici ezahlukene zokuphila komuntu. Ukusetshenziswa kolwazi lwe-anthropology ezindabeni zanamuhla nakho kubonisa ukubaluleka okusebenzayo kwalesi sifundo ekudaleni umhlaba onobulungiswa nozinzile.
Ngokuqonda indlela abantu abaphila ngayo, abaxhumana ngayo, futhi ababumba ngayo imiphakathi yabo, singathola ukuqonda okubanzi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu nokuthi singasebenzisana kanjani ukubhekana nezinselele ezibhekene nemiphakathi emhlabeni jikelele.
