I-Anthropology Yezokwelapha kanye Nemithi Ehlukile
I-anthropology yezokwelapha iyigatsha le-anthropology elifunda impilo, izifo, umzimba, kanye nemikhuba yokwelapha maqondana namasiko, izakhiwo zomphakathi, ezomnotho, kanye namandla. Lo mkhakha ugcizelela ukuthi "impilo" kanye "nokugula" akuzona nje izindaba zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu okubunjwe yizindinganiso, izinkolelo, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye nomongo wempilo yansuku zonke. Emiphakathini eminingi, indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo izimbangela zokugula, bakhethe ukwelashwa, futhi bahlole ukwelashwa kuthonywa kakhulu amasiko endawo nolwazi. Ngakho-ke, i-anthropology yezokwelapha isebenza njengebhuloho elibalulekile lokuqonda ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo zezokwelapha zanamuhla kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi ehlukile.
Imithi ehlukile—evame ukubizwa ngokuthi imithi yendabuko, ehambisanayo, noma engeyona eyezokwelapha—ihlanganisa imikhuba efana ne-jamu (imithi yamakhambi), ukubhucungwa, ukutshopa, ukwelashwa ngamakhambi, ukuphulukiswa ngokomoya, kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezithuthukiswe ngolwazi oluzuzwe njengefa. E-Indonesia, lezi zinhlobo zihambisana nezinsizakalo zezokwelapha zesimanje: izibhedlela, imitholampilo, odokotela, kanye nemithi yemithi. Ngokusebenzisa i-anthropology yezokwelapha, ukuba khona kwemithi ehlukile akuyona nje "inketho," kodwa kuyingxenye yesistimu yencazelo enikeza umuzwa wokuphepha, ubunikazi bamasiko, kanye namasu okusinda phakathi kokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kanye nokungaqiniseki kwezempilo.
Indlela I-Anthropology Yezokwelapha Ebheka Ngayo Izifo
Ngamagama esintu, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwesifo nokugula. Isifo sibhekisela enkingeni yezinto eziphilayo engalinganiswa ngokwezokwelapha, njengokutheleleka, ukuvuvukala, noma ukulimala kwezitho zomzimba. Okwamanje, ukugula kubhekisela ekuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kokuzizwa engaphilile, ebuthakathaka, noma "engajwayelekile," kufaka phakathi izincazelo zomphakathi nezingokomzwelo ezihambisana nakho. Umuntu angabhekana nokugula ngaphandle kokuxilongwa okucacile, noma ngokuphambene nalokho, abe nesifo kodwa azizwe ephilile. Lo mehluko uchaza ukuthi kungani ezinye iziguli ziqhubeka nokufuna ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ngisho nangemva kokubona udokotela: ngoba lokho ezikufunayo akuyona nje incazelo yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi kuyisisombululo sezinto eziphila ngazo—ukukhathazeka, ukwesaba, ihlazo, noma ukungqubuzana ebudlelwaneni bezenhlalo.
I-anthropology yezokwelapha ifunda futhi "ngamamodeli achazayo" ezimbangela zesifo. Emiphakathini ethile, ukugula kuqondakala njengokungalingani okushisayo, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla, amathonya okudla, noma ngisho nezinto ezingokomoya ezifana nomlingo omnyama kanye nokwephulwa kwemithetho. Lawa mamodeli achazayo athonya izinqumo zokwelapha. Uma ukugula kukholakala ukuthi kuvela ku-"masuk angin," khona-ke ukuklwebha, ukubhucungwa, noma izingxube ezifudumele kubhekwa njengokunengqondo. Uma ukugula kuqondakala njengokuphazamiseka okungokomoya, khona-ke ukwelashwa ngomthandazo noma amasiko okuphulukisa kuba yinto efanele. Lokhu akusho ukuthi le mibono "ayinangqondo," kodwa kunalokho inengqondo ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamasiko kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okujwayelekile emphakathini.
Ukwelapha Okuhlukile Njengomkhuba Wesiko
Imithi ehlukile ivame ukugxiliswa empilweni yansuku zonke. Isibonelo, i-Jamu ayiyona nje ingxube yezithako zamakhambi, kodwa futhi nolwazi ngomzimba, izinkathi zonyaka, ukudla, kanye namasiko omndeni. Imikhuba yendabuko yokubhucunga ayiyona nje indlela yokuphatha imisipha, kodwa kunalokho ubuhlobo bokwethembana phakathi kochwepheshe bezokwelapha kanye nesiguli, okuhlanganisa nomuzwa "wokufaneleka" ovame ukuba yisibonakaliso sempumelelo. Ezimweni eziningi, imithi ehlukile inikeza isikhala somuntu siqu sokuxhumana kunokunakekelwa kwempilo okusemthethweni, okuvame ukuba okusheshayo futhi okusebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithi ehlukile isebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana nabantu. Uma umuntu egula, umndeni nomakhelwane basikisela imithi ethile yamakhambi noma batusa "izihlakaniphi" okukholakala ukuthi ziyakwazi ukumelapha. Lezi zincomo zakha inethiwekhi yokusekela. Ukululama akukalwa nje kuphela ngokunyamalala kwezimpawu, kodwa futhi nangokubuya kokusebenza komphakathi: ikhono lokusebenza, ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi, kanye nokufeza izindima zomndeni. Yilapho i-anthropology yezokwelapha isisiza khona ukuqonda ukuthi ukuphulukiswa kuyinqubo yomphakathi, hhayi isenzo somuntu ngamunye kuphela.
Kungani Abantu Abaningi Bekhetha Ukwelapha Okuhlukile?
Izizathu eziningana zivame ukutholakala ocwaningweni lwe-anthropology yezokwelapha. Okokuqala, ukufinyelela: izindleko, ibanga, ukutholakala kodokotela, kanye nekhwalithi yesevisi. Kwezinye izindawo, imithi yendabuko iseduze futhi ingabizi kakhulu. Okwesibili, ukwethembana nokuhlangenwe nakho: iziguli ezizizwe "zingazwiwa" ezikhungweni zezempilo ezisemthethweni zingase zizizwe zibaluleke kakhulu kodokotela abahlukile. Okwesithathu, isiko kanye nobunikazi: ukusebenzisa imithi yendabuko kungaba yindlela yokugcina ifa lolwazi lomndeni nolomphakathi. Okwesine, ithemba lokwelashwa: lapho izifo ezingamahlalakhona kunzima ukuzelapha, iziguli zivame ukufuna ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ukunciphisa ubuhlungu, ukwandisa amandla, noma ukuthola nje umuzwa wokulawula imizimba yazo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhetha imithi ehlukile akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwenqaba imithi ye-biomedicine. Abantu abaningi bahlanganisa lokhu okubili ngendlela engokoqobo: ukubona udokotela ukuze axilongwe futhi athole ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo, bese besebenzisa amakhambi noma ukwelashwa ngokubhucungwa ukuze balulame. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ehambisanayo. I-anthropology yezokwelapha ibheka lo mkhuba "oxubile" njengesu elizivumelanisa nezimo—iziguli zihamba ngezinhlelo zolwazi eziningi ukuze zandise amathuba azo okululama.
Ubudlelwano Bamandla kanye Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Kwezokwelapha
I-anthropology yezokwelapha nayo igxeka ubudlelwano bamandla kwezempilo. Izinhlelo zezokwelapha zivame ukubekwa njengendinganiso yeqiniso, kuyilapho ulwazi lwendawo lubhekwa njengolwesibili. Kodwa-ke, lezi zindinganiso zivela emlandweni, ezikhungweni, nasezithakazelweni ezithile. Lo mbono awuwenqabi umuthi wesimanje, kodwa kunalokho udinga ukuxhumana okulinganayo phakathi kodokotela nesiguli: ukuqonda ulimi lwesiguli, ukuhlonipha izinkolelo zabo, nokuchaza ngokucacile izingozi nezinzuzo zokwelapha.
Kodwa-ke, i-anthropology yezokwelapha iqokomisa nezici eziyinkinga zemithi ehlukile. Akuzona zonke izindlela zokwelapha zendabuko eziphephile noma ezisebenzayo, ikakhulukazi uma kuthiwa "ziyindlela yokwelapha" izifo ezinkulu ngaphandle kobufakazi, noma lapho iziguli zicelwa ukuba ziyeke izindlela zokwelapha ezibalulekile. Yilapho ukuziphatha kuba khona okubalulekile: ukuvikela iziguli emikhubeni yokuxhaphaza, ukucaca mayelana nokulinganiselwa kwezindlela zokwelapha, kanye nemithethonqubo eqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezithako kanye nekhono labasebenza. Indlela engcono kakhulu akuyona ukuphikisa iqembu elilodwa, kodwa kunalokho ukwakha ukubambisana kanye nolwazi lwezempilo.
Ukuhlanganiswa Okuzwela Amasiko
Enye yeminikelo esebenzayo ye-anthropology yezokwelapha ukukhuthaza ukunakekelwa okuzwela amasiko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ochwepheshe bezempilo abagxili nje kuphela ezimpawini zezokwelapha kodwa futhi bagxila ekuqondeni imikhuba yokudla yesiguli, izindlela zokusebenza, izinkolelo zomndeni, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwemithi yendabuko. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa, ukungaxhumani kahle, kanye nokungalandeli ukwelashwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kungatholakala nangocwaningo kanye nengxoxo. Eminye imikhuba yendabuko ingahlolwa ngokwesayensi ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle, bese ibekwa njengezindlela zokwelapha ezihambisanayo ezijwayelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulwazi lwendawo kumele lubhekwe njengomthombo wokusungula izinto ezintsha. Imithi eminingi yesimanje yaqala ngocwaningo ngezitshalo zokwelapha. Ngokubambisana kokuziphatha, imithi yendabuko ayithandwa kodwa iqiniswa ngezindinganiso zekhwalithi, imfundo, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo emiphakathi olwazini lwayo.
I-Penutup
I-anthropology yezokwelapha isisiza siqonde ukuthi impilo ayikho yodwa endaweni yezokwelapha, kodwa iphila ngaphakathi kwamasiko, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke. Imithi ehlukile ikhona ngoba abantu badinga okungaphezu nje kokuxilongwa: badinga incazelo, ukwesekwa, kanye nethemba. Njengoba izinsizakalo zezokwelapha zanamuhla zithuthuka, imithi yendabuko nehambisanayo izoqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yendlela abantu abanakekela ngayo imizimba yabo.
Indlela ekhiqiza kakhulu ukwakha ibhuloho: ukuqinisa i-biomedicine ngozwela lwamasiko, ngesikhathi esifanayo kubekwa ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ngaphakathi kohlaka olunomthwalo wemfanelo lokuphepha, ukuziphatha, kanye nobufakazi. Ngale ndlela, iziguli aziphoqelekile ukukhetha phakathi "kwesimanje" kanye "nendabuko," kodwa kunalokho zingathola ukunakekelwa okuphelele - okwebhayoloji, okwengqondo, kanye nokwezenhlalo - okuhlangabezana nezidingo zazo.
