Ukuhlaziywa Kwesiko Lezombusazwe Ku-Anthropology
Isiko lezepolitiki liwumqondo obalulekile osisiza siqonde ukuthi umphakathi uhumusha kanjani amandla, ulawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso, futhi ubumba amaphethini okuhlanganyela empilweni yomphakathi. Ku-anthropology, isiko lezepolitiki alibhekwa nje njengezintandokazi zokuvota noma izimo zengqondo ngohulumeni, kodwa njengengxenye yesiko eliphilayo: elakhiwe yizindinganiso, izimpawu, imikhuba, amasiko, ulimi, inkumbulo ehlangene, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komlando okwakha indlela abantu "abazenza ngayo ezombusazwe" ngomqondo obanzi. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuhlaziywa kwesiko lezepolitiki ngombono we-anthropological, okuhlanganisa izincazelo, izindlela, izakhi, izindlela, kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwalo ekuqondeni izimo zenhlalo nezepolitiki.
Ukuqonda Isiko Lezombusazwe Ngokombono We-Anthropology
Ngokuvamile, isiko lezepolitiki libhekisela ekuqondisweni komphakathi, izimo zengqondo, kanye nezindlela zokuziphatha mayelana nesistimu yezepolitiki. Kodwa-ke, i-anthropology iyandisa lokhu ukuze ifake isethi yezincazelo kanye nemikhuba etholakala empilweni yansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke, kososayensi be-anthropology, ezombusazwe aziveli ephalamende kuphela, okhethweni, noma emahhovisi kahulumeni, kodwa nasemakhaya, ezimakethe, ezindaweni zokukhulekela, emikhosini yendabuko, ezinhlanganweni zasendaweni, ngisho nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana—zonke izikhala lapho amandla exoxiswana khona.
I-anthropology ibheka isiko lezombusazwe "njengendlela yokuphila" ebusa indlela igunya elamukelwa noma elenqatshwa ngayo, indlela ukulalela okusungulwa ngayo, indlela ingxabano exazululwa ngayo, kanye nendlela okusungulwa ngayo ubuqiniso. Ukuba semthethweni lapha akusikho nje ukuba semthethweni okusemthethweni, kodwa kunalokho inkolelo yomphakathi yokuthi amandla abhekwa njenganengqondo, afanele, noma asemthethweni.
Kungani i-Anthropology Ibalulekile Ekuhlaziyeni Amasiko Ezombusazwe
Indlela yesayensi yabantu igcizelela amaphuzu amathathu ayinhloko: umongo, incazelo, kanye nomkhuba. Okokuqala, umongo: ukuziphatha kwezepolitiki akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nesakhiwo senhlalo (isigaba, ubulili, ubuzwe), umlando (ubukoloni, izingxabano, ukuguqulwa), kanye nezomnotho (ukufinyelela izinsiza, ukusekelwa). Okwesibili, incazelo: izimpawu ezifana namafulegi, iziqu zendabuko, inkulumo-ze "yabantu," noma igama elithi "umhlubuki" akuzona nje amagama, kodwa izimpawu zobunikazi namathuluzi okuhlanganisa. Okwesithathu, umkhuba: isayensi yabantu ihlola ukuthi ezombusazwe ziqhutshwa kanjani ngempela, okuhlanganisa izingxoxo ezingakahleleki, amanethiwekhi obuhlobo, kanye nemikhuba yabaxhasi namakhasimende.
Ngakho-ke, i-anthropology ingachaza ukuthi kungani izinqubomgomo "ezinengqondo" ngokusho kombuso ngezinye izikhathi zenqatshwa ezingeni lendawo, noma ukuthi kungani intando yeningi yenqubo ingaholeli ngokuzenzakalelayo ekubambeni iqhaza okunenjongo. Lokhu kwehluka kuvame ukutholakala emasikweni ezepolitiki: indlela abantu ababheka ngayo umbuso, izikhulu, umthetho kanye nobulungiswa.
Ucwaningo Lwezakhi Zesiko Lezombusazwe yi-Anthropology
Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-anthropology, isiko lezepolitiki lingahlukaniswa libe yizinto eziningana ezibalulekile.
1. Izindinganiso kanye nezinkolelo
Izindinganiso ezifana nokuzwana, ukubambisana, ubuholi, ukulingana, noma inkolo kuthonya indlela imiphakathi ehlola ngayo ubuholi kanye nokwenza izinqumo. Isibonelo, imiphakathi ehlonipha ubuholi ingamukela kalula ubuholi obusekelwe kubazali, kuyilapho imiphakathi enesiko lokuxoxa ivame ukusekela izinqubo zokucabanga.
2. Izimpawu Nemikhuba Yezepolitiki
Imikhosi yokuvula, ukuvakasha okusemthethweni, ukusatshalaliswa kosizo, noma amasiko athile endabuko kungasebenza njengezibonakaliso zokuba semthethweni. Izimpawu ezifana nezingubo, izihlonipho, kanye neziqu zisebenza njengamathuluzi okuqinisekisa izikhundla zezenhlalo nezepolitiki.
3. Izikhungo Ezisemthethweni Nezingahlelekile
I-Anthropology ayihloli nje kuphela izikhungo zikahulumeni (ihhovisi likahulumeni, amaphoyisa, izinkantolo), kodwa futhi nezikhungo ezingekho emthethweni njengezikhulu zendabuko, abaholi benkolo, abadala basemakhaya, izinhlangano zentsha, kanye nenethiwekhi yemindeni. Ngokuvamile, izinqumo ezibalulekile zenziwa ngezikhungo ezingekho emthethweni, izakhamuzi ezizethemba kakhulu.
4. Ubudlelwano Bamandla Nokungalingani
Isiko lezepolitiki alithathi hlangothi. Lingaveza ukungalingani, isibonelo ngemikhuba ekhawulela amazwi abesifazane, yenqabele ukufinyelela emaqenjini amancane, noma iqinise ukubusa kwezikhulu eziphezulu.
5. Inkumbulo Ehlanganisiwe Nomlando Wendawo
Izinkumbulo zobudlova bezepolitiki, izingxabano zezolimo, noma okuhlangenwe nakho kwentuthuko yesikhathi esidlule kwakha imizwa yokwethembana noma ukusola umbuso. "Ukuhlukumezeka komphakathi" kungakhuthaza isiko lokunganaki kwezepolitiki noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, kukhuthaze ubushoshovu.
Izindlela Zemfundiso Yenkolo Ku-Anthropology Yezepolitiki
I-Anthropology isebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokufunda isiko lezepolitiki:
– Indlela yokuhumusha (engokomfanekiso) igcizelela incazelo yezimpawu kanye nezindaba. Ezombusazwe ziqondwa njengendawo yokukhiqizwa kwencazelo; izinkulumo, izinganekwane, kanye namasiko kubhekwa njengemibhalo yamasiko edinga ukuhunyushwa.
– Indlela ye-Political Economy ibheka isiko lezepolitiki njengelihlobene kakhulu nokusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakusebenza, imali, kanye nezintshisekelo zesigaba. Isiko lezepolitiki lingaba ithuluzi lokuthethelela ukungalingani noma isu lokusinda.
– Indlela Yokuzijwayeza iqokomisa indlela abantu ngabanye namaqembu abasebenzisa ngayo amasu ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngale ndlela, abantu ababhekwa njengezisulu nje zesiko, kodwa njengabantu abasebenzayo abaxoxisana ngemithetho.
– Indlela ye-Postcolonial ihlola ukuthi ifa lamakoloniyali libumba kanjani i-bureaucracy, ubuwena bezepolitiki, kanye nendlela umbuso obheka ngayo izakhamuzi, okuhlanganisa nokuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga noma ngokohlanga.
Izindlela Zokufunda Ngesintu Zokufunda Amasiko Ezombusazwe
Indlela eyinhloko ye-anthropology yi-ethnography, okuwucwaningo lwasensimini isikhathi esithile ukuze kuqondwe kangcono izimpilo zabantu. Ngokwesimo sezombusazwe, izazi ze-anthropology zivame ukusebenzisa:
– Ukuqaphela kwabahlanganyeli: ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, imikhankaso, imihlangano evamile, noma imisebenzi yenhlangano.
– Izingxoxo ezijulile: ukuhlola ukuqonda kwezakhamuzi ngobuholi, ubulungiswa, usizo lomphakathi, noma izingxabano.
– Izifundo zamacala ezingxabano kanye nokulamula: ukubheka ukuthi izingxabano zixazululwa kanjani, ukuthi ubani odlala indima, nokuthi yiziphi izindinganiso ezisetshenziswayo.
– Inkulumo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwabezindaba: ukubuka izindaba ezindabeni zasendaweni, izintshumayelo, amaphosta omkhankaso, noma izingxoxo eziku-inthanethi.
– Ukuhlela imephu yenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu: ukulandelela ukusekelwa, ubungane, izihlobo, kanye nokugeleza kokusekelwa kwezepolitiki.
Amandla endlela ye-anthropological asemandleni ayo okufunda izinto ezivame ukuphuthelwa yizinhlolovo zobuningi: ukushukuma komzimba, izincazelo ezimfushane, ukuphikisana, kanye nemikhuba engakahleleki.
Izibonelo Zezimo Zezombusazwe Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
Isibonelo esivamile yipolitiki yokuxhasa, lapho ubudlelwano bezepolitiki bakhiwa khona ngokushintshana ngezipho, ukufinyelela izinsizakalo, noma isivikelo. Emiphakathini eminingi, ukuxhasa akubhekwa “njengokukhohlakele,” kodwa kunalokho kubhekwa njengengxenye yokuziphatha komphakathi: abaholi babhekwa njengabahle uma “bezimisele ukusiza” futhi “bangakhohlwa abantu babo.” I-Anthropology isiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwenkohlakalo njengokwephulwa komthetho kanye nokuxhasa njengomkhuba womphakathi onobuqiniso obuthile bamasiko, yize kusathinta ukungalingani.
Esinye isibonelo ukucabanga njengendlela yokwenza izinqumo. Ngokufanelekile, ukucabanga kubonisa ukulingana nokuvumelana, kodwa empeleni, kungaba yindawo yokubusa okucashile, isibonelo, lapho amazwi abantu abasha noma abesifazane enganakwa. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-anthropology kuhlola ukuthi ubani okhulumayo, ubani ohlala ethule, nokuthi yiziphi izindinganiso ezenza lokhu kungalingani kubonakale "kujwayelekile."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isimo sezombusazwe zobunikazi, lapho ubuzwe, inkolo, noma ubuhlanga busebenza njengesisekelo sokugqugquzela. I-Anthropology ihlola indlela ubunikazi obumba ngayo ngezindaba zomlando, izimpawu zenkolo, kanye nemingcele "yethu" uma kuqhathaniswa "nabo." Ezimweni eziningi, ubunikazi abuhlali bumile, kodwa kunalokho buyindlela yezenhlalo eguqukayo ngokuya ngomongo wokuncintisana ngezinsizakusebenza namandla.
Ukubaluleka Kokuhlaziywa Kwesiko Lezepolitiki Emphakathini Wanamuhla
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-anthropological yesiko lezepolitiki kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinselele zentando yeningi yanamuhla, njengokwahlukana, ukungabi nolwazi olunembile, ukungathembi izikhungo, kanye nendima ekhulayo yabadlali abangakahleleki. Ngokuqonda isiko lezepolitiki, abenzi benqubomgomo bangaklama izinhlelo ezithinta kakhulu umongo, banciphise ukumelana, futhi baqinise ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi.
Emkhakheni wemfundo yezenhlalo, ukuqonda isiko lezepolitiki kusiza ekufundiseni ukuthi ezombusazwe azigcini nje ngokhetho, kodwa futhi ziphathelene nokuziphatha komphakathi, izindawo zokuxoxisana, indlela yokuphatha ukungezwani, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Kwabalweli bezishoshovu kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi, umbono we-anthropology usiza ekwakheni amasu okumela ahambisana nezindinganiso zendawo ngaphandle kokunganaki isimiso sobulungiswa.
Isiphetho
Isiko lezepolitiki ku-anthropology yindlela umphakathi ohumusha futhi usebenzise ngayo amandla empilweni yansuku zonke. Lihlanganisa amanani, izimpawu, izikhungo ezingakahleleki, ubudlelwano bamandla, kanye nomlando obumba izimo zengqondo nezenzo zezepolitiki. Ngokusebenzisa i-ethnography kanye nokuhlaziywa komongo, i-anthropology ingaveza izilinganiso ezingabonakali zezepolitiki: amanethiwekhi okusekela, ukuba semthethweni okungokomfanekiso, izingxoxo zobunikazi, kanye nemikhuba efihliwe yokubusa. Ukuqonda isiko lezepolitiki kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela ezifundweni kodwa nakohulumeni kanye nomphakathi obanzi ukwakha uhlelo lwezepolitiki olubandakanya wonke umuntu nolunobulungiswa olusekelwe ezimweni zenhlalo zasendaweni.
