Izingxenye Zekhamera
Ikhamera elula iqukethe ilensi eqondile, i-diaphragm yeso, i-shutter nefilimu.
Ilensi eguquguqukayo isebenza ukwakha izithombe zangempela neziguquliwe efilimini. Ngokungafani ne-eyepiece, enobude obuguquguqukayo bokugxila, ilensi yekhamera inobude obuqondile bokugxila. Ilensi yekhamera ilensi egoqekile, hhayi ilensi egoqekile, ngoba isithombe esikhiqizwe ilensi egoqekile sihlala singokoqobo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isithombe esikhiqizwe ilensi egoqekile singokoqobo lapho ibanga lento likhulu kunobude bokugxila. Isithombe sangempela isithombe esikhona ngempela, ngakho-ke lesi sithombe singaqoshwa efilimini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isithombe esibonakalayo isithombe esingamanga, ngakho-ke asinakuqoshwa efilimini. Indawo yesithombe sangempela nesiguquliwe esikhiqizwe ilensi egoqekile ihambisana nendawo yefilimu.
I-diaphragm noma "i-stop" iyimbobo eyindilinga enobubanzi obuguquguqukayo D. I-diaphragm ilawula inani lokukhanya okushaya ifilimu. Ububanzi bembobo buxhomeke kusayizi webhula futhi buvezwa yinombolo ye-f noma i-f-stop. I-f-stop ichazwa njengesilinganiso sobude be-lens focal (f) nobubanzi be-aperture (D): f-stop = f / D. Uma ilensi inobude be-focal obuyi-100 mm kanti ububanzi be-aperture buyi-20 mm, ilensi ino-f-stop obuyi-100 mm / 20 mm = 5. Kulesi simo, ilensi isethwe ku-f/5. Uma ilensi inobude be-focal obuyi-100 mm kanti ububanzi be-aperture buyi-25 mm, ilensi ino-f-stop obuyi-100 mm / 25 mm = 4. Kulesi simo, ilensi isethwe ku-f/4. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kubalwa, kuphethwa ngokuthi uma ububanzi be-aperture bukhulu, inombolo ye-f-stop iba ncane futhi ukukhanya okuningi kushaya ifilimu. Inombolo encane kunazo zonke ye-f-stop (ububanzi obukhulu kakhulu be-aperture) ijubane laleli lensi.
I-shutter ilawula nenani lokukhanya okushaya ifilimu. Ubude besikhathi i-shutter evuliwe buthinta inani lokukhanya okushaya ifilimu ngoba lapho i-shutter ivuliwe, ifilimu nayo iyavezwa futhi ivezwe ekukhanyeni. Ijubane le-shutter libizwa nangokuthi "isikhathi sokuvezwa." Ijubane le-shutter lihlobene nesikhathi i-shutter evuliwe ngaso, ngakho-ke ijubane le-shutter livezwa ngemizuzwana. Ijubane le-shutter lisukela kumasekhondi ambalwa kuya engxenyeni yomzuzwana. Uma isikhathi i-shutter ivuliwe sifushane, ijubane le-shutter lishesha kakhulu, kanye nokukhanya okuncane okushaya ifilimu. Ijubane le-shutter elisheshayo liyadingeka uma kunokukhanya okuncane. Ijubane le-shutter elisheshayo nalo liyadingeka ukuze kuqedwe ukufiphala kwesithunzi okubangelwa ukunyakaza kwekhamera.
Film Umsebenzi wekhamera ukuqopha isithombe sangempela esakhiwe yilensi yekhamera. Eminyakeni eminingana edlule, ifilimu yayisasetshenziswa kumakhamera, kodwa namuhla, ifilimu ayisasetshenziswa kumakhamera. Isithombe esakhiwe yilensi yekhamera manje sesiqoshwa nge-elekthronikhi. Amakhamera aqopha izithombe nge-elekthronikhi abizwa ngamakhamera edijithali. Amakhamera aqopha izithombe esebenzisa ifilimu abizwa ngamakhamera e-analog.
Ukugxila Kwelensi Nokwakheka Kwesithombe
Ikhwalithi yemiphumela yokudubula ayixhomekile nje kuphela ngobukhulu bokuvulwa kwe-diaphragm kanye nesivinini se-shutter, kodwa futhi nasekugxileni. Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngokugxila kwelensi yekhamera, qala uqonde incazelo elandelayo. Esihlokweni samalensi aqondile, kuchazwa ukuthi uma ibanga lento (ama) likude kakhulu futhi libhekwa njengelingenamkhawulo, isithombe sangempela esikhiqizwa yilensi eqondile sihambisana nendawo eqondile yelensi eqondile. Ngakho-ke uma ibanga lento lingenamkhawulo, ibanga lesithombe (ama) lilingana nobude obuqondile (f). Esihlokweni sezithombe zamalensi aqondile, kufundwa ukuthi uma ibanga lento lincane, ibanga lesithombe likhulu futhi usayizi wesithombe mkhulu. Esihlokweni semibuzo yesibonelo samalensi aqondile inombolo 2 no-3, kufundwa ukuthi uma ubude obuqondile belensi bukhulu, ibanga lesithombe (ama) likhulu futhi usayizi wesithombe mkhulu.
Ukugxila ilensi yekhamera kuhlukile ekugxiliseni i-eyepiece. Ukugxila i-eyepiece kwenziwa ngokushintsha ukugoba kwe-eyepiece (ukushintsha ubude obuqondile be-eyepiece) kuze kube yilapho isithombe siwela ngqo kwi-retina, okuholela esithombeni esicacile. Uma ikhamera isebenzisa ilensi eyodwa (hhayi ilensi yokusondeza enamalensi amaningi), ubude obuqondile belensi abunakuguqulwa. Ukugxila ilensi yekhamera kwenziwa ngokushintsha ibanga (ama-s) lesithombe kuze kube yilapho isithombe esicacile sikhiqizwa.
Uma ibanga (ama) lento likude kakhulu noma lingenamkhawulo, khona-ke ibanga (ama) lesithombe lifana nobude be-focal (f). Qhathanisa nesithombe 1.
Uma ibanga lento lincane kune-infinity, ibanga lesithombe (s') likhulu kune-focal length (f). Uma ibanga lento lincane, ibanga lesithombe (s') likhulu futhi usayizi wesithombe mkhulu. Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo, kuphethwa ngokuthi uma ibanga eliphakathi kwento nelensi liseduze, ibanga eliphakathi kwelensi nefilimu kumele landiswe. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwento nelensi likude, ibanga eliphakathi kwelensi nefilimu liyancishiswa. Qhathanisa nesithombe 2.
Uma ugxila ilensi yekhamera, ubude be-focal lens kumele bucatshangelwe. Uma ubude be-focal bude, ibanga lesithombe liba likhulu. Ilensi enobude be-focal bude nayo ikhiqiza isithombe esikhulu. Uma ufuna isithombe esicacile lapho into ikude, sebenzisa ilensi enobude be-focal bude. Amalensi anobude be-focal bude ngokuvamile ayisicaba noma agobile kancane.
