Umlando Wezindlela Zokudweba Zakudala Nokuthuthukiswa Kwazo
I-Pendahuluan
Ukudweba kuyindlela yobuciko obubonakalayo obukhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokupenda, abaculi bayakwazi ukudlulisa imibono, imizwa, kanye nezindaba. Amasu okudweba akudala angenye yezindlela ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wobuciko, kusukela enkathini yasendulo kuya eNkathini Yokuvuselelwa. Lesi sihloko sizochaza umlando wamasu okudweba akudala nokuthi aguquke kanjani kuze kube namuhla.
Amasu Okudweba Ezikhathini Zasendulo
Imidwebo YaseGibhithe Lasendulo
Amasu okudweba akudala aqala empucukweni yasendulo, njengeGibhithe. EGibhithe lasendulo, imidwebo yayivame ukutholakala emathuneni nasemathempelini, ikakhulukazi njengengxenye yamasiko omngcwabo. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-fresco secco," yayihilela abaculi abadweba ku-plaster eyomile besebenzisa imibala exutshwe nendawo yokubopha njengeqanda noma iglue. Izindikimba eziyinhloko zale midwebo kwakuwukuphila kwangemva kokufa kanye nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Le midwebo yayingokomfanekiso futhi iyisicaba, ilandela imikhuba yobuciko eqinile.
Imidwebo Yasendulo YamaGreki NamaRoma
IGrisi neRoma lasendulo nazo zadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okudweba. Ukudweba kwamaGreki kwaziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wawo wevazi kunemifanekiso yawo eqoshiwe. Le ndlela yayivame ukuhilela ukudweba nge-enamel, okuwukudweba endaweni efudumele yobumba. Imidwebo yamaRoma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, itholakala ngesimo semidwebo emadolobheni abhidlikile njengePompeii. Imidwebo yamaRoma ivame ukuba ngokoqobo futhi ibe yisimangaliso, iveza izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nezinganekwane.
Umdwebo Wasendulo
Imidwebo yezithombe zobuKristu
EYurophu yesikhathi esiphakathi, imidwebo yesonto kanye nemibhalo ekhanyisiwe kwakuyizindlela eziyinhloko zobuciko obubonakalayo. Indlela "ye-tempera", lapho imibala yayixutshwa khona nendawo yokubopha njengeqanda, yathandwa. Imidwebo ye-Tempera yasetshenziswa ukudala amaphaneli e-altare abonisa izindaba zeBhayibheli. Isitayela sokudweba phakathi nalesi sikhathi sasingokomfanekiso kakhulu futhi singewona ongokoqobo, sigcizelela ukulethwa kwemiyalezo yenkolo.
Ukuvuselelwa Kwemvelo Nokuzalwa Kwamasu Amasha
Isikhathi sokuvuselelwa kweRenaissance saphawula ukuvuselelwa kwesithakazelo kubuciko bakudala kanye nokutholakala kwamasu amasha adala ubuqiniso obukhulu. Enye yamasu abaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi-"chiaroscuro," eyadalwa ngumdwebi wase-Italy uLeonardo da Vinci. I-Chiaroscuro ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya okuphambene nesithunzi ukudala umbono wokujula nomthamo. Le ndlela yavumela abaculi ukuthi badwebe izinto ezinobukhulu obuthathu endaweni enobukhulu obubili.
Enye into yobuciko yalesi sikhathi "i-sfumato," inqubo eyathandwa kakhulu nguLeonardo. I-Sfumato isetshenziselwa ukudala ukuguquka okucashile phakathi kwemibala nemibala, okunikeza umphumela othambile, ofiphele noma onenkungu. Le ndlela idume kakhulu ku-"Mona Lisa," lapho ubuso bukaLisa Gherardini bubonakala sengathi buphila.
Abaculi abakhulu njengoMichelangelo, uRaphael, noTitian nabo banikele kakhulu emasu okudweba ngesikhathi seRenaissance. Eqinisweni, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okupenda uwoyela kwavumela abaculi ukuthi bahlanganise izendlalelo eziningi zombala kanye nemininingwane emincane. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha njengendlela yokwelapha kwasungulwa futhi kwaqedwa ngabaculi baseDashi abanjengoJan van Eyck.
I-Baroque ne-Rococo
I-Baroque
Ngekhulu le-17, kwavela isitayela seBaroque, esibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwaso okumangalisayo kokukhanya nesithunzi, ukunyakaza okunamandla, kanye nezingoma ezinamandla. Abaculi abanjengoCaravaggio noRembrandt babengabantu ababalulekile kulo mnyakazo. Indlela ye-tenebroso, lapho ingxenye enkulu yokwakheka icwiliswe emthunzini ojulile, eneziqongo ezivelele, yaba uphawu lokuhweba lukaCaravaggio.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uRembrandt waziwa ngokusebenzisa kwakhe ukuthungwa kanye ne-impasto (ubukhulu bopende ebusweni bomdwebo). Le ndlela yenezela ubukhulu kanye nokuphila kubantu abasebenzisa yona.
URococo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, isitayela seBaroque sehla futhi sathathelwa indawo yiRococo. I-Rococo yayinesitayela esilula, esihlobisa kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile esinothando kakhulu. Imibala ekhanyayo kanye nokwakheka okungalingani kwakuyizici ezibalulekile. Abaculi abanjengoFrançois Boucher noJean-Honoré Fragonard babedume ngemidwebo yabo yobuhle kanye nokukhanga, okwaba yizimpawu zalesi sitayela.
Isikhathi Sanamuhla kanye Namasu Amasha
Ubuqiniso kanye ne-Impressionism
Ngekhulu le-19, intshukumo ye-Realism yavela njengempendulo yesitayela se-Romantic esinombono ofanele. I-Realism yayifuna ukuveza impilo yansuku zonke ngeqiniso futhi ngaphandle kombono ofanele. Abaculi abanjengoGustave Courbet noJean-François Millet babengabantu ababalulekile kule nhlangano.
Amasu okudweba akudala aqhubeka nokuguquka ngenhlangano ye-Impressionist, eyasungulwa ngabaculi abanjengoClaude Monet, u-Edgar Degas, noPierre-Auguste Renoir. Bahlola izindlela ezintsha zokubamba ukukhanya nombala ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokuvamile bependa emoyeni ovulekile (ngaphandle). Amasu anjenge-"alla prima," lapho umdwebo uqedwa khona ngesikhathi esisodwa, athandwa kakhulu.
I-Post-Impressionism kanye Nangaphandle Kwayo
Inhlangano ye-Post-Impressionist, emelelwe abaculi abanjengoVincent van Gogh, uPaul Cézanne, noPaul Gauguin, yandisa amasu kanye nemibono ye-Impressionism. Basebenzise imibala eqinile kanye nokucashunwa ukuze bahlole ukubonakaliswa komuntu ngamunye.
Ukufinyezwa kanye nobuciko besimanje
Ikhulu lama-20 labona ukuzalwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuciko besimanje ezifana neCubism, Futurism, kanye ne-Abstract Expressionism. Amasu okudweba akudala aqala ukulahlwa ukuze kutholakale ukuhlola okusha kwesimo, umbala, kanye nomqondo. Abaculi abanjengoPablo Picasso, uWassily Kandinsky, noJackson Pollock bethula izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda nokudala ubuciko.
UbuCubism, obathandwa kakhulu nguPablo Picasso noGeorges Braque, bachitha imiqondo yendabuko yombono. Bahlukanisa izinto zibe yizimo zejometri futhi bakha kabusha ngezindlela ezintsha.
I-Abstract Expressionism, eyasungulwa ngabaculi baseMelika abanjengoJackson Pollock noMark Rothko, yagxila ekwakhekeni nombala njengendlela yokuveza imizwa, ivame ukusebenzisa amasu anjengokupenda ngokuconsa kanye nokupenda insimu yombala.
Isiphetho
Umlando wamasu okudweba akudala uwuhambo olude olugcwele ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye noshintsho. Kusukela kuphawu oluyisicaba lweGibhithe lasendulo kuya ekuhlolweni kwesimanje kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingabonakali, lawa masu ayaqhubeka nokuguquka kanye nezinguquko zamasiko nezobuchwepheshe. Nakuba amafomu kanye nemidiya kungase kushintshe, umongo wokudweba uhlala ufana: njengendlela yokuxhumana nokuveza umbono womdwebi ngamunye emhlabeni.
