Umehluko Phakathi Kwemidwebo Yakudala Neyesimanje
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko yabantu, ukudweba bekulokhu kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuveza. Imidwebo ayibonisi nje kuphela impilo kanye nemibono yesikhathi sayo, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa ukuvela kwemibono yabantu emhlabeni. Ezweni lobuciko, imidwebo ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: eyakudala neyesimanje. Nakuba yomibili iwela emkhakheni wobuciko, kunomehluko oyisisekelo ngesitayela, ubuchwepheshe, inhloso, kanye nokuhumusha okubalulekile ukukuqonda.
1. Incazelo kanye nesendlalelo
Umdwebo Wakudala
Ukudweba kwakudala kubhekisela emisebenzini yobuciko eyenziwe kusukela enkathini yasendulo kuya ekhulwini le-19, ehlanganisa izikhathi zeRenaissance, Baroque, kanye neNeoclassical. Igama elithi "classical" ngokwalo livame ukuhlotshaniswa nobuciko basendulo bamaGreki namaRoma, lapho ibhalansi, ukuvumelana, kanye nokuphelela komzimba womuntu kwakwaziswa kakhulu.
Kusukela ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwele-19, abaculi abadumile abanjengoLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo, noRembrandt bahola ubuhle bokudweba kwaseYurophu ngamasu anemininingwane nezindikimba ezithathwe kakhulu ezinganekwaneni, enkolweni nasemlandweni.
Ukudweba Kwanamuhla
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudweba kwesimanje kwavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngeminyakazo efana ne-Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, kanye ne-Dadaism. Le midwebo yayibekela inselele izindinganiso ezisungulwe ubuciko bakudala futhi yagxila ekuvezeni komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuzikhethela.
Abaculi abanjengoVincent van Gogh, uPablo Picasso, noJackson Pollock bamele ushintsho olubonakalayo ezweni lobuciko lapho ukuzama kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kubalulekile khona.
2. Isitayela kanye Nobuchwepheshe
Isitayela Sakudala
Imidwebo yakudala yayivame ukunamathela emithethweni eqinile yombono kanye nokulingana. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-chiaroscuro (umehluko phakathi kokukhanya nesithunzi) ukudala umbono wokujula kwakujwayelekile. Amakhono obuchwepheshe njengokusebenzisa imibala yemvelo, imininingwane enembile yokwakheka komzimba, kanye nokwakheka okulinganiselayo kwahlukanisa imidwebo yalesi sikhathi.
Isibonelo, encwadini kaLeonardo da Vinci ethi “Mona Lisa,” singabona ukusetshenziswa kwe-sfumato, indlela ecashile yokufaka izingqimba edala ukushintshashintsha okuthambile phakathi kwemibala namathoni, okuholela ekumelweni kobuso ngendlela yemvelo.
Isitayela Sesimanje
Ukudweba kwanamuhla kuvame ukuhlukana nemikhuba yendabuko futhi kugxile kakhulu ekuhloleni isimo nombala ngaphandle kwemingcele eqinile. Isibonelo, i-Impressionism, eyasungulwa nguClaude Monet, yasebenzisa amabhulashi amahhala nemiphumela yokukhanya ukuze ibambe izikhathi ezidlulayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Cubism, enomfanekiso wayo ohamba phambili uPablo Picasso, yahlukanisa izinto zibe yizimo zejometri ezihlukile, ikhombisa imibono eminingi ngaphakathi kwesithombe esisodwa.
Ukuvezwa kolimi, okumelelwa abaculi abanjengo-Edvard Munch, kugcizelele ukuvezwa kwemizwelo kunokubonakaliswa okunembile kwesihloko. Umdwebo kaMunch othi "The Scream" uyisibonelo esihle, lapho ukuhlanekezelwa kwesimo kusetshenziswa khona ukuveza ukukhathazeka nokwesaba.
3. Isihloko Nesihloko
Itimu Yakudala
Izindikimba ezitholakala kubuciko bakudala zivame ukufaka izinganekwane, inkolo, ubukhosi, kanye nenganekwane yokuziphatha. Ukudweba kwenkolo kwakuvelele kakhulu eYurophu ngesikhathi seNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance. Isibonelo, incwadi kaLeonardo da Vinci ethi "The Last Supper" iveza isikhathi esibalulekile emasikweni obuKristu ngendlela engokoqobo kakhulu.
Izinganekwane zamaGreki nezamaRoma nazo zivame ukuba yizihloko ezidumile; isibonelo, incwadi kaSandro Botticelli ethi "Ukuzalwa kweVenus," eveza unkulunkulukazi uVenus ezalwa olwandle. Lo mdwebo awugcini nje ngokujabulisa ubuhle kodwa futhi uqukethe izimpawu ezijulile, ezibonisa izinkolelo nezindinganiso zangaleso sikhathi.
Itimu Yesimanje
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudweba kwanamuhla kuvame ukuba yinto ecatshangelwayo futhi ethinta ingqondo, kugxilwe ezindikimbeni ezibanzi njengemizwa, ingqondo, ukucashunwa kwezinto, kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi. Isibonelo, enhlanganweni yamaDada emelelwe nguMarcel Duchamp, imisebenzi yobuciko yayivame ukuhlekisa futhi igumbuqela, iphawula ngezinto ezingenangqondo zokuphila kwanamuhla futhi iphonsela inselelo izimiso zobuciko zangaleso sikhathi.
I-Surrealism, eyasungulwa nguSalvador Dalí noRené Magritte, yahlola umhlaba wamaphupho kanye nokungazi lutho. Umsebenzi kaDalí odumile, othi “The Persistence of Memory,” ubonisa amawashi ancibilikayo abonakala ephikisana nomqondo wesikhathi nendawo, okubonisa ukuguquguquka kwesikhathi ngokombono wengqondo.
4. Inhloso Nokuhumusha
Imigomo Yakudala
Imidwebo yakudala ivame ukuhloselwa ukufundisa, ukuphefumulela, nokuhlinzeka ngezindaba ezibonakalayo zezindaba ezibalulekile. Ukuvezwa okunembile nokuhle komhlaba wangempela kwakuyinhloso eyinhloko. Imidwebo yayiyindlela yokuhlonipha onkulunkulu, ukuhlonipha abantu bomlando, nokuveza izindinganiso zokuziphatha.
Imisebenzi yobuciko yakudala yayivame ukuthunywa amasonto, izinkantolo zasebukhosini, noma abaxhasi abacebile abafuna ukuletha udumo nokuqashelwa ngobuciko. Isibonelo, "uPhahla lweSistine Chapel" lukaMichelangelo lwathunyelwa nguPapa Julius II futhi lwaluhloselwe ukukhuthaza ukwesaba nokuzinikela.
Imigomo Yanamuhla
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudweba kwesimanje kuvame ukufuna ukuveza imibono yomuntu siqu kanye nenkululeko yokudala. Ubuciko besimanje buvame ukuba nokuhumusha okuningi futhi buvulekele izincazelo ezahlukahlukene. Abaculi besimanje bavame ukufuna ukuvusa imicabango, ukuphonsela inselelo izindinganiso zomphakathi, noma ukuhlola isimo somuntu ngomsebenzi wabo.
Isibonelo, encwadini kaJackson Pollock ethi “No. 5, 1948,” indlela yokudweba ngokuconsa iveza ukunyakaza okunamandla komdwebi kanye namandla akhe. Lo mdwebo umema umbukeli ukuthi azizwele ukuguquguquka kanye nokuguquguquka kwenqubo yokudala ngokwayo.
5. Umehluko Ekusebenzelaneni Nomphakathi
Ukusebenzisana Kwakudala
Imidwebo yakudala yayivame ukuba nemithetho eqinile kanye nezindinganiso okwakufanele zilandelwe abaculi, njengoba iningi lemisebenzi yabo lalithunywe ngabantu abanamandla noma izikhungo zenkolo. Ababukeli kwakulindeleke ukuthi bancome ikhono lobuchwepheshe kanye nobuhle bokubukeka, kanye nokuthola imiyalezo yokuziphatha noma yenkolo emidwebweni.
Ukusebenzisana Kwanamuhla
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudweba kwesimanje kuvame ukuba nokuxhumana kakhulu nokuhlanganyela. Abaculi besimanje bavame ukumema ababukeli ukuthi bahlanganyele ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo emsebenzini wabo, okuvumela umbukeli ngamunye ukuthi abone umlayezo ohlukile kuye ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe.
Isibonelo, emisebenzini yobuciko yesimanje njengokufakwa kukaYves Klein, i-“International Klein Blue,” umbukeli uvame ukumenywa ukuthi ahlanganyele ngqo kokuhlangenwe nakho kobuciko uqobo, okwenza kufiphale imingcele phakathi komculi nezilaleli.
Isiphetho
Umehluko phakathi komdwebo wakudala nowesimanje ubonisa ukuvela kwezitayela zobuciko, amasu, izingqikithi, izinjongo, kanye nokusebenzisana nomphakathi. Ngenkathi umdwebo wakudala uvame ukugcizelela ikhono lobuchwepheshe, ubuhle, kanye nemiyalezo yokuziphatha noma yenkolo, umdwebo wanamuhla uvame ukuhlola inkululeko yokuveza imizwa, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuhumusha okucashile.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokudweba, nakuba zihlukile, zombili zidlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wobuciko. Ukuqonda lokhu kwehluka kusenza sikwazi ukwazisa kangcono ukwehlukahluka kanye nokuceba kwefa lethu lobuciko. Njengoba sibhekene nomhlaba oshintsha njalo, ubuciko buhlala buyindlela esiqonda futhi sibona ngayo iqiniso elisizungezile.
