Torricelli's theorem – problems and solutions

טאָריסעליס טעאָרעם – פּראָבלעמען און לייזונגען

1. A tube with the height of 100 cm filled with water. A hole Q located at 10 cm above the ground. What is the horizontal distance (x)?

באַקאַנט: Torricelli's theorem – problems and solutions 1

Distance between hole and the surface of the water (h) = 100 cm – 10 cm = 90 cm = 0.9 m

אַקסעלעריישאַן רעכט צו ערלעכקייט (ג) = 10 מעטער/סעקונדע²

געוואלט: Distance of x

לייזונג:

The speed of the water flow at the hole

v= גיכקייַט, g = אַקסעלעריישאַן רעכט צו ערלעכקייט, ה = distance between the hole and the surface of the water

The speed of the water flow at the hole :

צייט אין דער לופט

Torricelli's theorem – problems and solutions 4 The motion of water from the hole to the ground is the פּראַדזשעקטאַל באַוועגונג. The projectile motion could be understood by analyzing the horizontal and vertical component of the motion separately. The x motion occurs at a constant velocity and the y motion occurs at a constant acceleration of gravity.

In this problem, ווערטיקאַל באַוועגונג analyzed as free fall motion.

Calculate time in air using the equation of the פרייער פאַל באַוועגונג.

באַקאַנט:

The height of hole (y) = 10 cm = 0.1 m

אַקסעלעראַציע צוליב גראַוויטאַציע (g) = 10 m/s²

געוואָלט: צייט אינטערוואַל (t)

לייזונג:

y = 1/2 ג²

0.1 = 1/2 (10) ט²

0.1 = 5 ט²

t²= 0.1/5

t²= קסנומקס

ט = √0.02 סעקונדעס

די האָריזאָנטאַלע דיסטאַנץ (x):

באַקאַנט:

די אָנהייב גיכקייט (v_o =v_ox) = 3√2 m/s

Time in air (t)= √0.02 seconds

געוואָלט: The horizontal distance (x)

לייזונג:

v = x / t

x = v t = (3√2)(√0.02) = (3)(1.41)(0.14) = 0.59 = 0.6 meters

2. A tank containing water with height of 1 meter. At point P, there is a hole. What is the speed of water flow at the hole. Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².

זע אויך באַשטימען דעם רעזולטאַט פון צוויי וועקטאָרן ניצנדיק די קאָסינוס גלייכונג

באַקאַנט:

Distance between hole and the surface of the water (h) = 100 cm – 80 cm = 20 cm = 0.2 m Torricelli's theorem – problems and solutions 5

אַקסעלעראַציע צוליב גראַוויטאַציע (g) = 10 m/s²

געוואלט: Speed of the water flow at the hole (v)

לייזונג:

The speed of the water flow at the hole :

3. A large tub contains water and there is a faucet as shown in the picture below. If g = 10 ms^-2, then the water velocity out of the faucet is…

באַקאַנט: Teorema Torricelli 10

הייך (ה) = 85 ס״מ – 40 ס״מ = 45 ס״מ = 0.45 מעטער

אַקסעלעראַציע צוליב גראַוויטאַציע (g) = 10 m/s²

געוואלט: Speed of water (v)

לייזונג:

Torricelli’s theorem states that the velocity of water through a hole distant h from the surface of water equals the גיכקייט פון פריי פאַלןינג water from a height of h.

Water velocity is calculated using the free fall motion formula v_t² = 2 ג״ה

v_t² = 2 גה = 2(10)(0.45) = 9

v_t = √9 = 3 מעטער/סעקונדע

4. A צעבער filled with water and on a wall there is a hole (see figure below). The speed of water coming out of the hole is… (g = 10 ms^-2)

באַקאַנט: Teorema Torricelli 11

הייך (ה) = 1.5 מעטער – 0.25 מעטער = 1.25 מעטער

אַקסעלעראַציע צוליב גראַוויטאַציע (g) = 10 m/s²

געוואָלט: Speed of water (V)

לייזונג:

v_t² = 2 גה = 2(10)(1.25) = 25

v_t = √25 = 5 מעטער/סעקונדע

5. A tank containing water as high as 1 meter (g = 10 ms^-2) and on the wall there is a leak hole (see figure below). The speed of water coming out of the hole is …

זע אויך די אינטערנאציאנאלע סיסטעם פון איינסן איינס פּרעפיקסן – פּראָבלעמען און לייזונגען

באַקאַנט:

הייך (ה) = 1 מעטער – 0.20 מעטער = 0.8 מעטער Teorema Torricelli 12

אַקסעלעראַציע צוליב גראַוויטאַציע (g) = 10 m/s²

געוואָלט: Speed of water (V)

לייזונג:

v_t² = 2 גה = 2(10)(0.8) = 16

v_t = √16 = 4 מעטער/סעקונדע

What does Torricelli’s theorem describe?
- ענטפער: Torricelli’s theorem relates the speed of fluid flowing out of an orifice to the height of the fluid column above the opening, assuming steady, inviscid (no viscosity), and incompressible flow.

How is Torricelli’s theorem mathematically expressed?
- ענטפער: The theorem is expressed as $v = \sqrt 2 g h$ , ווו $v$ is the speed of the efflux, $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity, and $h$ is the height of the fluid column above the orifice.
Under what assumptions was Torricelli’s theorem derived?
- ענטפער: The theorem assumes that the fluid is incompressible and non-viscous, the flow is steady, and there is no additional energy added to or taken from the fluid.
If a container has two holes at different depths, how will the speeds of the fluids emerging from the holes compare?
- ענטפער: The fluid emerging from the hole closer to the base will have a greater speed than the fluid from the higher hole. This is because the pressure (and thus the potential energy) is greater at deeper depths.
Why does the speed of efflux not depend on the shape or cross-sectional area of the container?
- ענטפער: Torricelli’s theorem only considers the potential energy due to the height of the fluid column above the orifice. The shape of the container doesn’t change this height, so the speed of efflux remains the same.
How does the actual speed of the fluid flowing out of an orifice differ from the prediction made by Torricelli’s theorem in real-world situations?
- ענטפער: In real-world situations, factors like fluid viscosity, turbulence, and the shape of the orifice can affect the actual speed, often making it less than what Torricelli’s theorem predicts.
What is the relationship between Torricelli’s theorem and the conservation of energy?
- ענטפער: Torricelli’s theorem is derived from the conservation of mechanical energy. It equates the potential energy at the fluid’s surface to the kinetic energy at the orifice.
If an orifice is present at the very top of a fluid-filled container, how does Torricelli’s theorem describe the efflux speed?
- ענטפער: The height $h$ above the orifice would be zero, so according to Torricelli’s theorem, the efflux speed would be zero.
How does the presence of atmospheric pressure impact the predictions of Torricelli’s theorem?
- ענטפער: Torricelli’s theorem assumes the container is open to the atmosphere, and thus, atmospheric pressure acts equally across the fluid’s surface. This pressure is cancelled out when considering the pressure difference across the height of the fluid, so the theorem remains valid.
What happens to the speed of efflux as the fluid in the container decreases?

ענטפער: As the fluid level decreases, the height $h$ above the orifice decreases. According to Torricelli’s theorem, the efflux speed would decrease as $v = \sqrt 2 g h$ .

זע אויך עלעקטרישע פּאָטענציעלע ענערגיע – פּראָבלעמען און לייזונגען

These questions and answers explore the foundation, implications, and applications of Torricelli’s theorem in fluid dynamics.