Ingcamango ka-Irving Fisher yokufuna imali
U-Irving Fisher wayengomnye wezazinzulu zezoqoqosho ezinempembelelo kakhulu ngexesha lakhe, ingakumbi kwicandelo lemigaqo-nkqubo yemali kunye nethiyori yobungakanani bemali. Igalelo lakhe kwithiyori yemali lisaqatshelwa nanamhlanje, ngakumbi ngophuhliso lwakhe lwe-equation of exchange. Eli nqaku liza kuxoxa ngethiyori ka-Irving Fisher yemfuno yemali, esekwe kwimodeli yobungakanani bemali, kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kuqoqosho lwanamhlanje.
Imvelaphi yeNgcinga yoBuninzi beMali
Ithiyori yobungakanani bemali yingcamango yakudala edibanisa ubungakanani bemali ejikelezayo kunye nenqanaba lexabiso. Ngokwenyani, le thiyori ithi utshintsho kubonelelo lwemali kuqoqosho luya kuchaphazela ngqo inqanaba lexabiso. U-Irving Fisher waqhubeka nale ndlela ngokuphuhlisa imodeli yezibalo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-equation of exchange.
I-Exchange Equation
UFisher wayila ithiyori yobungakanani bemali ngale ndlela ilandelayo:
\[ MV = PT \]
Apha:
– \( M \) sisixa-mali sipheleleyo esijikeleza kuqoqosho,
– \( V \) lisantya sokujikeleza kwemali, oko kukuthi imali itshintsha kangaphi izandla kwixesha elithile,
– \( P \) linqanaba eliphakathi lexabiso,
– \( T \) ngumthamo weentengiselwano ezenzeka kuqoqosho.
Ngale nxaki, uFisher uthe imveliso yemali ebonelelwayo kunye nesantya sayo sokujikeleza ilingana nemveliso yenqanaba lexabiso kunye nomthamo weentengiselwano. Le nxaki ibonisa ulungelelwaniso olubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zemali kunye nezokwenyani. UFisher uthe ukuba ubungakanani bemali \( M \) buyanda, ngoko ke ukuba \( V \) kunye \( T \) aziguquguquki, ixabiso \( P \) kufuneka linyuke, nto leyo ebonisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Imfuno Yemali Kwithiyori KaFisher
Ngokombono kaFisher, imfuno yemali inxulumene kakhulu nomsebenzi wayo njengendlela yokutshintshiselana. UFisher uqaphele ukuba abantu kunye neenkampani babamba imali ukuze benze iintengiselwano zemihla ngemihla. Ke ngoko, imfuno yemali ixhomekeke kumthamo weentengiselwano (T) kunye nesantya sokujikeleza kwemali (V). Ngokwezibalo, imfuno yemali ingabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo:
\[ M_d = \frac{PT}{V} \]
Apha, \( M_d \) yimfuno yemali. UFisher uthe kuqoqosho oluzinzileyo nolusebenzayo, isantya semali \( V \) sithathwa njengesingaguqukiyo kwaye sinokuqikelelwa. Ngoko ke, utshintsho kwimfuno yemali lumiselwa ikakhulu lutshintsho kwixabiso leentengiselwano \( T \).
Ukugxekwa kunye neeNgcinga eziSisiseko
Nangona le modeli ibonakala ilula kwaye inengqiqo, kukho ukugxekwa okuliqela malunga neengcinga ezisisiseko zethiyori kaFisher. Enye yezigxeko eziphambili kukucingelwa kokuba isantya semali \(V \) asiguquki. Enyanisweni, \(V \) sinokutshintsha ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, umgaqo-nkqubo wemali, kunye notshintsho kwiindlela abantu abakhetha ngayo ukusebenzisa imali xa kuthelekiswa nekhredithi.
Ngaphezu koko, le ngcamango ayiwunaki umsebenzi wemali njengendawo yokugcina ixabiso kunye nomlinganiselo wobutyebi. Kwizoqoqosho zanamhlanje, abantu ngabanye babamba imali njengendlela yotyalo-mali okanye i-inshurensi yokungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho. Ke ngoko, imfuno yemali ayihambelani nje nomsebenzi wayo wentengiselwano kodwa ikwanxulumene nemisebenzi yayo yokuqikelela kunye nokukhusela.
Ukubaluleka Kwemeko Yezoqoqosho Yanamhlanje
Nangona kugxekwa ngokulula kweengcamango zayo, ingcamango ka-Irving Fisher yemfuno yemali isabalulekile kwimeko yezoqoqosho yanamhlanje, ingakumbi njengendawo yokuqala yokuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwemali namaxabiso. Iingcamango ezininzi zemali zanamhlanje, kuquka ingcamango kaKeynesian kunye ne-monetarism, ziye zaphuhlisa iingcamango ezithathwe kwimodeli esisiseko kaFisher.
Kwihlabathi eliqhagamsheleneyo kwihlabathi liphela kunye nenkqubo yezemali eyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi, isantya semali (V) sinokuchaphazeleka zizinto ezininzi, kubandakanya ubuchwephesha obutsha kwiinkqubo zokuhlawula ngedijithali, imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu, kunye neemeko zezopolitiko nezentlalo. Nangona kunjalo, iziseko zeengcinga zikaFisher zihlala ziluncedo ekuhlalutyweni kobonelelo kunye nemfuno yemali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wemali.
Ukuqukumbela
Ithiyori ka-Irving Fisher yemfuno yemali, eyaphuhliswa nge-equation of exchange, inika isiseko seengcamango ezininzi zoqoqosho lwemali. Ukuqonda indlela izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokunikezelwa kwemali, amaxabiso, umthamo wentengiselwano, kunye nesantya semali ezisebenzisana ngayo kunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga noqoqosho olukhulu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
Nangona le ngcamango ilula kwaye ifuna uhlengahlengiso olukhulu ukuze ivumelane nobunzima bezoqoqosho lwanamhlanje, imigaqo esisiseko kaFisher isebenza njengesixhobo esiluncedo sohlalutyo. Ngokuqonda ezi ziseko, iingcali zezoqoqosho kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo banokuhlangabezana ngempumelelo nemingeni yezoqoqosho kwaye benze imigaqo-nkqubo enceda ekulawuleni ukunikezelwa kwemali kunye nokugcina uzinzo kwezoqoqosho.
Ngezifundo ezifunyenwe kwithiyori kaFisher, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo banezixhobo ezingcono zokuqonda indlela izenzo zabo ezinokuchaphazela ngayo ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukukhula koqoqosho, kunye nokuzinza kwezemali. Oku kwenza ilifa likaFisher lihlale libalulekile kwaye libalulekile kwiingxoxo zanamhlanje zethiyori yokubonelela kunye nemfuno yemali.
