Isayensi Esisiseko yoBunjineli beeMoto ezineeSondo ezine
Injini yesithuthi esinamavili amane "yintliziyo" eguqula amandla ukusuka kumafutha ukuya kumandla e-kinetic, ize iwasasaze ukuze isithuthi sikwazi ukuhamba ngokuzinzileyo nangokulawulekayo. Ukuqonda iziseko zesayensi yeenjini zeemoto akuncedi nje kuphela kubafundi okanye kwiingcali zeemoto kodwa nakubanini bezithuthi, kubanceda baqonde ngakumbi iimpawu zomonakalo, benze ulondolozo olusisiseko, kwaye baqonde indlela esebenza ngayo imoto ngokubanzi. Eli nqaku lixoxa ngeengcamango ezisisiseko zenjini yemoto, izinto zayo eziphambili, iinkqubo zokusebenza, iinkqubo ezixhasayo, kunye nemigaqo yolondolozo.
1. Ukuqonda iiMishini kunye nemisebenzi yazo ephambili
Iinjini zeemoto ngokubanzi ziinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, ezivelisa amandla ngokutshisa umxube womoya kunye namafutha kwigumbi lokutsha. Amandla obushushu avela ekutshiseni aguqulwa abe ngamandla oomatshini ngendlela yokuhamba kwepiston, ethi emva koko iguqulwe ibe kukujikeleza nge-crankshaft. Olu jikelezo ludluliselwa ngenkqubo yokudlulisela amandla, ekugqibeleni lujika amavili.
Imisebenzi ephambili yenjini yesithuthi esinamavili amane ibandakanya:
1. Velisa amandla okuhambisa isithuthi.
2. Ibonelela ngombane kwiinkqubo zenkxaso ezifana ne-alternator (yombane), i-AC compressor, kunye nepompo yokuqhuba ngamandla (kwiintlobo ezithile).
3. Gcina uzinzo lokusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zomthwalo kunye nokujikeleza.
2. Iintlobo zeenjini kwiimoto
Ngokubanzi, iinjini zeemoto zingahlulwa ngokweendidi ezininzi:
a. Ngokusekelwe kuMjikelo woMsebenzi
– Injini ye-4-stroke: ine-intake, i-compression, i-combustion, kunye ne-exhaust stroke. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo olusetyenziswa kwiimoto zabakhweli.
– Injini ye-2-stroke: ilula kodwa ichitha imali kwaye ine-emission ephezulu, ayisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiimoto zanamhlanje.
b. Ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokutshisa
– Injini yepetroli (i-spark ignition): isebenzisa ii-spark plugs ukutshisa.
– Injini yedizili (ukutsha kwepetroli ngokucinezela): ukutsha kwepetroli ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu ngenxa yokucinezelwa komoya.
c. Ngokusekelwe kwiLayout yesilinda
– Imigca ethe nkqo (emgceni): iisilinda zilungelelaniswe ngokuthe nkqo, zixhaphakile kwiimoto zemihla ngemihla.
– Injini ye-V: iisilinda zenza imo ye-V, amandla amakhulu kunye noyilo oluncinci ngakumbi kwinani elikhulu leesilinda.
– Ibhokisi/iflethi: iisilinda zichasene ngokuthe tye, ziphakathi komxhuzulane ophantsi.
3. Izinto eziphambili zeNjini kunye nemisebenzi yazo
Ukuze isebenze, umatshini wenziwe ngezinto ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo. Nazi izinto ezisisiseko:
1. Ibhloko yesilinda: igcina isilinda apho i-piston ihamba khona inyuka isiya phezulu. Ngaphakathi kukho iindlela zeoyile kunye namanzi okupholisa.
2. Intloko yesilinda: igquma umphezulu wesilinda kwaye igcina iivalvu, iiplagi/iinjectors zespark, kunye nemibhobho yokungenisa kunye neyokukhupha umoya.
3. Ipiston: ihamba isiya phambili nangasemva kwisilinda ukuze ifumane uxinzelelo lokutsha.
4. Isangqa sepiston: sigcina uxinzelelo kwaye sithintela ioyile ukuba ingangeni kwigumbi lokutsha.
5. Intonga yepiston (intonga yokudibanisa): idibanisa ipiston kwi-crankshaft.
6. I-Crankshaft: iguqula intshukumo ejikelezayo ibe kukujikeleza.
7. I-Camshaft: ilawula ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kweevalvu ngokwexesha.
8. Iivalvu zokungenisa kunye nezokukhupha umoya: zilawula ukuhamba komoya/ipetroli kunye negesi yokukhupha umoya.
9. Ibhanti/itsheyini yexesha: ivumelanisa ukujikeleza kwe-crankshaft kunye ne-camshaft.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda umsebenzi wezi zinto, kuba uninzi lweengxaki zeenjini ziqala ekugugeni, ukuvuza, okanye ukusebenza okungahambelaniyo phakathi kwezixhobo.
4. Umgaqo wokusebenza wenjini ye-4-Stroke
Uninzi lweemoto zanamhlanje zisebenzisa injini ye-4-stroke. Umjikelo wemoto ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Istroke yokungenisa
I-piston iyehla, ivalvu yokungenisa ivuleka, umxube womoya-fuel (okanye umoya nje kwidizili) ungena kwisilinda.
2. Uxinzelelo lokubetha
I-piston iyanyuka, zombini iivalvu ziyavaleka, kwaye umxube womoya-fuel uyacinezelwa. Kwinjini yepetroli, iplagi yespark iyavutha ekupheleni kokucinezelwa; kwinjini yedizili, ipetroli ifakwa xa umoya sele ushushu ngenxa yokucinezelwa.
3. Ukubetha ngamandla
Kuye kutsha, kwaye uxinzelelo lunyanzela i-piston ukuba yehle ngamandla. Lo ngumthombo oyintloko wamandla enjini.
4. Uxinzelelo lokukhupha umoya
I-piston iya phezulu, ivalvu yokukhupha umoya iyavuleka, kwaye iigesi eziseleyo zokutsha ziyaphuma ziye kwi-exhaust.
Umjikelo omnye opheleleyo ufuna ukujikeleza kabini kwe-crankshaft. Ixesha elichanekileyo phakathi kweepiston kunye neevalvu ngundoqo ekusebenzeni kakuhle, amandla, kunye nokukhutshwa komoya.
5. Inkqubo yeNkxaso yoMatshini
Umatshini awuzukusebenza kakuhle ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezixhasayo. Ezinye zeenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zezi:
a. Inkqubo yamafutha
Iimoto zanamhlanje zihlala zisebenzisa i-fuel injection (EFI). Ii-sensors ezifana ne-MAF/MAP sensor, i-O2 sensor, kunye ne-TPS zithumela idatha kwi-ECU ukuze kuchongwe ubungakanani be-fuel obufanelekileyo. Iinkqubo ze-fuel injection zisebenza kakuhle kunee-carburetors ngenxa yolawulo lwazo oluchanekileyo.
b. Inkqubo Yokutsha (injini yepetroli)
Inkqubo yokutshaya iqulethe ibhetri, ikhoyili, iplagi yespark, kunye ne-ECU/igniter. Ikhoyili yonyusa i-voltage ukuze iplagi yespark ivelise i-spark enamandla ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
c. Inkqubo yokuthambisa
Ioyile yenjini iyanciphisa ukungqubana, ipholisa izinto, icoca ukungcola, kwaye ithintele umhlwa. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ziquka ipompo yeoyile, isihluzi seoyile, kunye nemigca yeoyile. Ukungabikho yeoyile okanye ioyile ewohlokayo kunokubangela ukuguguleka okukhulu kunye nokusilela kwenjini.
d. Inkqubo yokupholisa
Ukutsha kuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu. Inkqubo yokupholisa igcina ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokusebenza (ngesiqhelo malunga nama-80–95°C). Izinto zayo eziphambili yi-radiator, ipompo yamanzi, i-thermostat, ifeni ye-radiator, kunye ne-coolant. Ubushushu obugqithisileyo lutshaba olukhulu lwenjini, njengoko lunokonakalisa i-gasket yentloko yesilinda, lugobe intloko, okanye luqhekeze ibhloko.
e. Iinkqubo zokukhupha umoya kunye nokukhupha umoya
Iigesi zokukhupha umoya zidluliselwa kwi-manifold, i-catalytic converter, kunye ne-muffler. I-catalytic converter inciphisa ukungcola. I-oxygen sensor inceda i-ECU ukuba ilawule umxube wamafutha ukuze kubekho ukukhutshwa okuncinci komoya kunye nokonga amafutha.
6. Amandla, iTorque, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Kwihlabathi leemoto, amagama amabini aphambili ngala:
– I-Torque: “amandla okujikeleza” avakala xa imoto iqala ukuhamba okanye ukunyuka intaba.
– Amandla (amandla ehashe/PS/kW): amandla okuvelisa umsebenzi ngeyunithi yexesha, avakala ngesantya esiphezulu okanye ukukhawuleziswa okuqhubekayo.
Injini elungileyo ayinamandla nje kuphela, kodwa ikwasebenza kakuhle. Ukusebenza kakuhle kuphenjelelwa yi-compression ratio, umgangatho wokutsha, ukungqubana kwangaphakathi, uyilo lwegumbi lokutsha, kunye namaqhinga e-ECU afana nexesha le-variable valve (VVT) kwiimoto zanamhlanje.
7. Ulondolozo olusisiseko lokugcina umatshini wakho uhleli ixesha elide
Ulwazi olusisiseko lobunjineli boomatshini lukwanxulumene nemikhwa yokulungisa. Amanyathelo abalulekileyo:
1. Tshintsha ioyile uze uyihluze rhoqo ngokweengcebiso zomenzi.
2. Sebenzisa ipetroli ngokwe-octane/cetane ukuze utshise kakuhle.
3. Jonga i-coolant uze uqinisekise ukuba akukho kuvuza.
4. Coca isihluzo somoya ukuze umoya ungavalwa.
5. Lumkela iimpawu zokuqala ezifana nokuqhwalela kwenjini, umsi ogqithisileyo, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, okanye izandi ezirhabaxa.
6. Nika inkonzo kwinkqubo yokujova kunye nokutsha ukuba ukusebenza kwayo kwehla okanye ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli kuyachitha.
Imikhwa yokuqhuba nayo inefuthe: ukufudumeza injini ngokwaneleyo, ukunganyanzelisi rhoqo isantya esiphezulu xa injini isabanda, kunye nokugcina umthwalo wesithuthi usemgangathweni.
Ukuqukumbela
Iziseko zesayensi yenjini yemoto enamavili amane ziquka ukuqonda imigaqo yokutsha, indlela esebenza ngayo intshukumo yepiston ukuya ekujikelezweni, kunye neenkqubo zokuxhasa amafutha, ukutsha, ukuthambisa, ukupholisa, kunye nokukhupha umbane. Ngokuqonda izinto eziphambili kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo injini ene-stroke ezine, sinokubona lula iingxaki, senze ulondolozo olusisiseko, kwaye sigcine ukusebenza kakuhle kwenjini. Injini egcinwe kakuhle ayihlali ixesha elide kuphela kodwa ikwasebenzisa amafutha kakuhle kwaye inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.
Ukuba unqwenela, ndingaluguqula eli nqaku libe yinguqulelo epheleleyo yesabelo sesikolo kunye nesakhiwo (intshayelelo-ukwakhiwa kwengxaki-ingxoxo-isiphelo-uluhlu lweencwadi) okanye ndenze inguqulelo yobuchwephesha ngakumbi (umzekelo, igxile kwi-EFI, i-ECU, kunye nokuxilongwa kweempazamo).
