Uphononongo lweBrayton Cycle kwiiTurbines zeGesi zeMizi-mveliso
I-Pendahuluan
Iiturbine zegesi zoshishino ziimatshini zokuguqula amandla ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo zamandla, kwishishini leoyile negesi, kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezifuna amandla amakhulu oomatshini kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Ukusebenza okusisiseko kweeturbine zegesi zanamhlanje kudla ngokulandela iBrayton Cycle, umjikelo we-thermodynamic ochaza inkqubo yoxinzelelo lomoya, ukongezwa kobushushu ngokutshiswa, kunye nokwandiswa kweegesi ezishushu ukuvelisa umsebenzi. Uphononongo lweBrayton Cycle lubalulekile kuba kulapho ukusebenza kakuhle, ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha, ukusebenza kwamandla, kunye namaqhinga okwenza ngcono imisebenzi yeeturbine zegesi kunokuqondwa kwaye kuphuculwe.
Ingcamango esisiseko yoMjikelo waseBrayton
Umjikelo ofanelekileyo weBrayton uneenkqubo ezine eziphambili, eziqhele ukumiselwa njengeenkqubo ezimbini ze-isentropic kunye neenkqubo ezimbini zoxinzelelo oluqhubekayo. Kwii-turbines zegesi yokwenyani, ezi nkqubo ziyahluka ngenxa yokulahleka koomatshini, ukungqubana, ukulahleka koxinzelelo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamacandelo angaphelelanga. Nangona kunjalo, imodeli efanelekileyo ihlala isisiseko esiluncedo kakhulu sohlalutyo lokuqala kunye nothelekiso lokusebenza.
Iinkqubo ezine ezisemgangathweni zeBrayton Cycle zezi:
1. Uxinzelelo lwe-Isentropic (1 → 2) kwi-compressor
2. Ukongezwa kobushushu ngoxinzelelo olungaguqukiyo (2 → 3) kwigumbi lokutsha
3. Ukwandiswa kwe-Isentropic (3 → 4) kwi-turbine
4. Ukusasazwa kobushushu ngoxinzelelo olungaguqukiyo (4 → 1) kwindawo esingqongileyo (kwisithuba esivaliweyo) okanye ngegesi yokukhupha umoya (kwisithuba esivulekileyo)
Kwiiturbine zegesi ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwimizi-mveliso (umjikelo ovulekileyo), umoya ojikeleze umoya ungena kwicompressor, emva koko emva kokutsha igesi enoxinzelelo oluphezulu iyandiswa kwiturbine ize ikhutshwe emoyeni okanye isetyenziswe kwezinye iinkqubo ezifana nokufudumeza (ukuvelisa kunye) okanye ukuvelisa umphunga (umjikelo odibeneyo).
Izinto Eziphambili Nolwalamano Lwazo Nomjikelo
1. Kompresor
I-compressor inyusa uxinzelelo lomoya kwiimeko zayo zokungena (ngokuqhelekileyo kufutshane noxinzelelo lomoya) ukuya kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu. Le nkqubo yoxinzelelo ifuna umsebenzi omkhulu, kwaye kwiiturbines ezininzi zegesi, inxalenye enkulu yamandla e-turbine isetyenziselwa ukuqhuba i-compressor. Ukusebenza kwe-compressor kumisela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle komjikelo kuba okukhona umsebenzi woxinzelelo umkhulu, kokukhona amandla amancinci afumanekayo kumthwalo (ijenereyitha okanye umthwalo woomatshini).
Ngokufanelekileyo, ucinezelo luthathwa njenge-isentropic, kodwa enyanisweni, i-entropy iyanda ngenxa yokungaguquki. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-isentropic kwe-compressor yiparameter ebalulekileyo yokuvavanya ukuba i-compressor isebenza kufutshane kangakanani na kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo.
2. Igumbi Lokutsha (Isitshisi)
Kwigumbi lokutsha, ipetroli (njengegesi yendalo) ifakwa ize itshiswe ngomoya oxinezelekileyo. Inkqubo yokutsha inyusa kakhulu ubushushu begesi xa ixinezelekile, nangona kukho ukulahleka koxinzelelo okungenakuphepheka ngenxa yokungqubana kunye noyilo lwesitshisi.
Imida yobushushu begumbi lokutsha ichaphazeleka kakhulu kukusebenza kwezixhobo ze-turbine (ingakumbi iiblade zesigaba sokuqala) kunye netekhnoloji yokupholisa. Kwiindlela zanamhlanje zoyilo, ubushushu bokungena kwe-turbine (TIT) buyinto ebalulekileyo ebangela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokwanda kwamandla, kodwa ikwabangela imingeni yokuthembeka kunye neendleko zezinto.
3. I-Turbine
Iiturbines ziguqula amandla obushushu eegesi ezishushu zibe ngumsebenzi woomatshini ngokwandisa. Eminye yemisebenzi yeturbine isetyenziselwa ukuqhuba icompressor, ngelixa eminye isetyenziswa njengomsebenzi ongenanto kwizicelo zoshishino. Njengeecompressor, iiturbines nazo zinamandla e-isentropic achaphazela imveliso yazo yamandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngokubanzi.
4. Inkqubo yokukhupha umoya
Iigesi zokukhupha umoya ze-turbine yegesi yemizi-mveliso zinokukhutshwa ngqo emoyeni okanye zisetyenziswe ngakumbi. Ukusetyenziswa kobushushu obumdaka licebo elibalulekileyo kuba amaqondo obushushu e-exhaust gas ahlala ephezulu. Kulapho iinkqubo zomjikelo ezidibeneyo (i-turbine yegesi + i-turbine yomphunga) okanye i-cogeneration/CHP (umbane + ubushushu benkqubo) zisebenza khona.
Iiparameter eziphambili kuHlalutyo lwaseBrayton
Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo
Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwe-compressor (πc = P2/P1) lutshintsho olunempembelelo enkulu kuyilo. Kumjikelo ofanelekileyo weBrayton, ukunyusa umlinganiselo woxinzelelo ngokubanzi kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu ukuya kwinqanaba elithile elifanelekileyo, kuxhomekeke kumda wobushushu ophezulu womjikelo. Ngokwesiqhelo, umlinganiselo woxinzelelo ophezulu kakhulu unokunyusa umthwalo womsebenzi we-compressor ngokugqithisileyo kwaye unciphise amandla acocekileyo, ingakumbi ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-compressor kuphantsi okanye kukho ilahleko ezinkulu zoxinzelelo kwigumbi lokutsha.
Ubushushu bokungena kweTurbine (TIT)
Ukwandisa i-TIT phantse rhoqo kwandisa imveliso yamandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, njengoko ukwandiswa kuqala kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla obushushu. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunqunyelwe zizixhobo, iinkqubo zokupholisa iiblade, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-NOx, okudla ngokwanda xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okutsha. Ke ngoko, abavelisi beeturbine zegesi batyala imali eninzi kwii-superalloys, ii-thermal barrier coatings, kunye neendlela zokupholisa ngaphakathi.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kweCandelo
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-isentropic kwee-compressors kunye nee-turbines kudla ngokuba ngumahluko ophambili phakathi kokusebenza okufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza okwenyani. Ukulahleka kwe-aerodynamic, ukususwa kwe-compressor, ukungcola kwe-compressor, kunye nokonakala kweeblade ngenxa yokukhukuliseka kunye nokugqwala kuya kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukulahleka koxinzelelo lweGumbi lokutsha kunye nePipe
Kwimodeli efanelekileyo, ukongezwa kobushushu kwenzeka xa uxinzelelo luhlala luhleli. Nangona kunjalo, kwinkqubo yehlabathi lokwenyani, uxinzelelo luyehla kwi-combustor nakwi-ducting. Oku kwehla koxinzelelo kunciphisa umlinganiselo wokwandiswa okusebenzayo kwi-turbine, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-turbine.
Ukuguqulwa kweBrayton Cycle kwiiTurbines zeGesi zeMizi-mveliso
Ukuphucula ukusebenza, iBrayton Cycle idla ngokutshintshwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:
1. Ukuhlaziya (iRecuperator)
Ukuvuselelwa kusebenzisa igesi eshushu yokukhupha umoya ukufudumeza umoya ocinezelweyo ngaphambi kokuba ungene kwigumbi lokutsha. Oku kunciphisa imfuneko yamafutha ukuze kufezekiswe i-TIT efanayo, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu. Ii-Regenerators zisebenza kakhulu kwiiturbine zegesi ezinemilinganiselo yoxinzelelo oluphantsi ukuya koluphakathi, njengoko kwimilinganiselo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubushushu be-compressor outlet busondela kubushushu begesi yokukhupha umoya, nto leyo enciphisa iingenelo zokuvuselelwa.
2. Ukupholisa ngaphakathi
Ukupholisa ngaphakathi kusetyenziswa kwizigaba zoxinzelelo apho ukupholisa phakathi kwazo. Oku kupholisa kunciphisa umsebenzi woxinzelelo, okunokunyusa amandla acocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukupholisa ngaphakathi kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu ukuba akuthintelwa kukuvuselelwa, njengoko umoya opholileyo ufuna ubushushu obuninzi kwi-combustor ukuze ufikelele kwi-TIT.
Phinda uphinde
Ukufudumeza kwakhona kuphinda kufudumeze igesi phakathi kwamanqanaba okwandiswa kweturbine. Injongo kukwandisa umthwalo womsebenzi weturbine iyonke, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa amandla aseleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukufudumeza kwakhona ngokubanzi kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli, ngoko ke ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu kusenokungaphucuki rhoqo, kuxhomekeke kwimida yoqwalaselo kunye noyilo.
4. Umjikelo oDibeneyo
Umjikelo odibeneyo usebenzisa ubushushu bokukhupha umoya obuvela kwi-turbine yegesi ukuvelisa umphunga, othi emva koko uqhube i-turbine yomphunga. Olu lwakhiwo lunokunyusa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwesityalo samandla xa kuthelekiswa nomjikelo olula weBrayton. Kwisikali sesityalo samandla ezimboni, umjikelo odibeneyo yenye yezona teknoloji zikhuphisanayo kuba unokufezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu ngokukhupha umoya okuncinci.
Iinkalo Zokusebenza Kwangempela: Ukuwohloka Kwesimo Sendalo Neemeko Zokusingqongileyo
Iiturbine zegesi zoshishino zisebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zihlala zijongene nemingeni efana namaqondo aphezulu obushushu bomoya ongenayo, ukufuma, kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo (uthuli, ityuwa, okanye amasuntswana eoyile). Amaqondo aphezulu obushushu bomoya ongenayo anciphisa uxinano lomoya, nto leyo ebangela ukwehla kokuhamba kobunzima kunye namandla anciphileyo. Ke ngoko, ezinye izakhiwo zisebenzisa ukupholisa umoya ongenayo (ii-evaporative coolers okanye ii-chillers) ukuphucula ukusebenza kwimozulu eshushu.
Ukungcola kwecompressor okubangelwa ziingceba ezincinci kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomlinganiselo woxinzelelo osebenzayo. Iindlela zokulungisa ezifana nokuhlamba kwi-intanethi/ngaphandle kwe-intanethi zenziwa ukubuyisela ukusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, iimeko zomthwalo ongaphelelanga nazo zichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle. Iiturbine zegesi zihlala zisebenza kakuhle kwimithwalo ephezulu; kwimithwalo ephantsi, ukusebenza kakuhle kuncipha njengoko ulawulo lokutsha, utshintsho kumlinganiselo woxinzelelo osebenzayo, kunye nokulahlekelwa ngokulinganayo kuba yinto ebalaseleyo.
Ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle njengengqwalasela yanamhlanje
Izifundo zeBrayton Cycle zanamhlanje azijolisi nje kuphela kumandla nokusebenza kakuhle kodwa nakwizinto ezikhutshwayo. Ukutsha okushushu kakhulu kudla ngokuvelisa amanqanaba aphezulu e-NOx. Ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Dry Low NOx (DLN) buphuhlisiwe ukuze kuncitshiswe izinto ezikhutshwayo ngokulungelelanisa umxube we-air-fuel ukuze kulawulwe ngcono ubushushu belangatye ngaphandle kokunciphisa uzinzo lokutsha.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlanganiswa kweeturbine zegesi kunye neenkqubo zokubamba ikhabhoni (CCS) okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha anekhabhoni ephantsi njengee-hydrogen blends kuya kutsala. Zonke ezi zinto zintsha zihlala zisekelwe ekuqondeni okunzulu kweBrayton Cycle, njengoko utshintsho kumafutha kunye nolwakhiwo luya kuchaphazela ubushushu, umlinganiselo woxinzelelo, kunye neempawu zokuhamba.
Ukuqukumbela
Umjikelo weBrayton sisiseko sohlalutyo lwe-turbine yegesi yemizi-mveliso, oluquka iinkqubo zokucinezela, ukutsha, ukwandiswa, kunye nokwaliwa kobushushu. Iiparameter ezifana nomlinganiselo woxinzelelo, i-TIT, ukusebenza kakuhle kwecandelo, kunye nokulahleka koxinzelelo zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kokwenyani. Utshintsho lomjikelo—ukuvuselelwa, ukupholisa ngaphakathi, ukuphinda kufudumale, kunye nemijikelo edibeneyo—lubonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye namandla ngokweemfuno zesicelo. Kwimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso, izifundo zomjikelo weBrayton kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuwohloka kwecandelo, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ukusebenza komthwalo ongaphelelanga, kunye neemfuno zokukhupha umbane. Ngokuqonda okuvakalayo, iinjineli zinokuphucula uyilo kunye nokusebenza kwe-turbine yegesi ukuze isebenze kakuhle, ithembeke, kwaye ibe nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.
