Inkqubo Yokwenza Isinyithi Seplatinum Kwizinto Zobucwebe
Iplatinum yenye yezona zinyithi zixabisekileyo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lezinto zokuhombisa. Umbala wayo omhlophe wesilivere wendalo awugugi kwaye uyaziwa ngokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, ubuninzi beplatinum buyenza ibe nemvakalelo "enzima" neyobunewunewu. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwenkangeleko yayo entle kukho inkqubo ende neyinkimbinkimbi ngaphambi kokuba iplatinum iguqulwe ukusuka kwizinto ezimbiwe ibe yiringi, umgexo, okanye i-earring esemgangathweni ophezulu. Eli nqaku lixoxa ngamanqanaba aphambili emveliso yeplatinum yezinto zokuhombisa, ukusuka ekumbeni ukuya ekugqityweni.
1. Imvelaphi yePlatinum kunye neempawu zayo
I-Platinum (Pt) yintsimbi eguquguqukayo enqabileyo kakhulu kuqweqwe loMhlaba. Ihlala ifumaneka kunye nezinye iintsimbi zeqela leplatinum (ii-PGM), ezifana ne-palladium, i-rhodium, i-iridium, i-ruthenium, kunye ne-osmium. Iidiphozithi ezinkulu zifumaneka eMzantsi Afrika, eRashiya naseKhanada. Ngenxa yokunqaba kwayo, ubungakanani be-ore efunekayo ukuvelisa i-platinum ecocekileyo bukhulu kakhulu. Oku kunegalelo kwixabiso layo eliphezulu.
Ngokwendalo yayo, iplatinum inomlinganiselo wokunyibilika omalunga ne-1.768°C—iphezulu kakhulu kunegolide. Ikwayi-ductile (iyanyibilika) kodwa inamandla, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele ukubekwa kwamatye anqabileyo afana needayimani. Iplatinum ayixubi lula kwaye ayigqwali, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele ubucwebe bemihla ngemihla.
2. Inqanaba lokumba: Ukukhupha i-ore eMhlabeni
Inkqubo yokuvelisa iplatinum iqala ngokumba iore. Iindlela zokwemba zixhomekeke kwiimeko zejoloji zediphozithi, kwaye zinokuba ngumngxuma ovulekileyo okanye ongaphantsi komhlaba. Iimigodi ezininzi ezinkulu zeplatinum zisebenzisa ukumba ngaphantsi komhlaba kuba iidiphozithi zikwiindawo ezithile zamatye.
Ilitye eliqulathe iPGM emva koko lithuthwa liye kwindawo yokucubungula. Umxholo weplatinum kwi-ore uhlala uphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo efuna ukwembiwa okukhulu ukuze kufunyanwe isivuno esaneleyo. Kweli nqanaba, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nolawulo lwempembelelo kwindalo kubalulekile, njengoko imisebenzi yokwembiwa ivelisa inkunkuma yamatye kwaye ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amaninzi.
3. Ukutyumza nokuGcoba: Ukunciphisa Ubungakanani beZixhobo
Xa i-ore ifika kwindawo yokusila, ilitye liyatyunyuzwa libe ziingceba ezincinci. Emva koko liyasilwa ukuze kuveliswe amasuntswana amancinci. Injongo yale nqanaba kukukhulula iinkozo zeminerali ezixabisekileyo ezazibotshelelwe ngaphambili kwi-matrix yelitye.
Ukusila kwenziwa kusetyenziswa oomatshini abakhulu abanjengooomatshini bokugawula ibhola okanye ooomatshini bokugawula intonga. Okukhona ubukhulu besuntswana buncinci, kokukhona amathuba okuba iiminerali zeplatinum zahlulwe kwinqanaba elilandelayo loxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugawula kakuhle kakhulu kufuna amandla angakumbi kwaye kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokugawula, ngoko ke oomatshini bokugawula badla ngokwandisa ubungakanani bokujolisa.
4. Ukugxila kusetyenziswa i-Flotation
Inqanaba elilandelayo kukuxinana, okwahlula iiminerali ezineplatinum kwizinto ezingcolileyo. Enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo kukuqubha (ukuqubha kwefroth). Le nkqubo isebenzisa umahluko kwiipropati zomphezulu weeminerali: ezinye iiminerali zinokwenziwa ukuba "zinamathele" kwiibhamuza zomoya zize zinyuke ziye kumphezulu, ngelixa ezinye zihlala zingaphantsi kwamanzi.
Kwi-flotation, i-ore slurry (umxube we-ore entle namanzi) ixutywa nee-reagents ezithile zeekhemikhali, emva koko umoya uyavuthuzwa. Iiminerali ezifunekayo ziphakanyiswa kunye ne-foam, zenze i-PGM concentrate. Isiphumo se-flotation yi-concentrate enomxholo ophezulu we-PGM kune-ore yokuqala, nangona isekude nokuba icocekile.
5. Ukunyibilikisa kunye nokucocwa kokuqala
Emva koko i-PGM concentrate ithunyelwa kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa eshushu kakhulu kwisithando somlilo. Le nkqubo ijolise ekuhlukaniseni isinyithi nobuninzi bokungcola ngokwenza i-slag. Kwimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso, ukunyibilikisa kunokubandakanya amanqanaba aliqela, kuquka ukucubungula ukuvelisa i-matte (umxube we-metal sulfides) etyebileyo kwi-PGM.
Emva kokunyibilikisa, ukuguqulwa kokuqala kunye nokucocwa kwenziwa ukuze kuncitshiswe umxholo wezinto ezifana nentsimbi, isalfure, okanye ezinye iintsimbi ezisisiseko. Eli nqanaba libaluleke kakhulu kwaye lifuna ulawulo oluqinileyo lobushushu kunye nolwakhiwo lweekhemikhali. Iplatinum eveliswa kweli nqanaba ayikabi yintsimbi ecocekileyo, elungele ukusetyenziswa, kodwa ngumxube ofuna ukwahlulwa kweekhemikhali.
6. Ukucocwa kweeKhemikhali: Ukwahlula iPlatinum kwezinye iiPGM
Eli lelinye lawona manqanaba anzima kakhulu: ukucocwa kweekhemikhali. Ngenxa yokuba iplatinum idla ngokubakho nezinye iiPGM, iindlela zokwahlula iikhemikhali ziyafuneka ukuze kufunyanwe iplatinum ecocekileyo kakhulu.
Ngokubanzi, le nkqubo ibandakanya ukunyibilikisa izinto kwisisombululo esithile sekhemikhali (umzekelo, ukusebenzisa i-aqua regia phantsi kweemeko ezithile), kulandele ukuhla kwemvula ekhethiweyo kunye nokukhupha ukuze kwahlulwe izinto. Isinyithi ngasinye se-PGM sinokuziphatha okwahlukileyo kwekhemikhali, okuvumela ukwahlukana kwamanyathelo amaninzi. Nje ukuba iplatinum yahlulwe, inokuphinda iphindwe njengekhompawundi, emva koko inyibilikiswe okanye incitshiswe ibe yisinyithi.
Isiphumo sokugqibela yiplatinum ecocekileyo kakhulu (umz. 99,95% nangaphezulu), ngokwemigangatho yoshishino.
7. Ukwenza ii-Platinum Alloys zeJewelry
Iplatinum kwizinto zokuhombisa ayisetyenziswa rhoqo xa ikwimeko yayo ecocekileyo eyi-100%, njengoko izinto zokuhombisa zifuna indibaniselwano yobunzima, ukumelana nokukrwela, kunye nokusebenza lula. Ke ngoko, iplatinum idla ngokuxubaniswa. Umgangatho oqhelekileyo yiplatinum 950 (Pt950), oko kuthetha iplatinum engama-95% kunye nezinye izinyithi ezi-5% ezifana ne-iridium, i-ruthenium, i-cobalt, okanye i-palladium, kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezifunwayo.
Ukukhethwa kwe-alloy kuchaphazela izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo: ubulukhuni, umbala, ukulula kokuyila, kunye nokukwazi ukubamba ilitye elinqabileyo. Abavelisi bezinto zokuhombisa baya kuyilungisa ifomula ye-alloy ukuze ihambelane neemfuno zoyilo kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho.
8. Ukwenziwa kwezacholo: Ukwenziwa kwesamente okanye ukwenziwa
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokubumba ubucwebe beplatinum:
1. Ukunyibilikisa: Iplatinum iyanyibilikiswa ize igalelwe kwimoldi, kusetyenziswa indlela yokunyibilikisa utyalo-mali. Ngenxa yokuba indawo yokunyibilikisa iplatinum iphezulu kakhulu, izixhobo zokunyibilikisa kufuneka zimelane namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kwaye ulawulo lwenkqubo kufuneka lube ngokuchanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukugqitywa okunemingxuma.
2. Ukwenziwa (ukwenziwa ngesandla/ngoomatshini): Iplatinam yenziwa ngeebhari okanye amaphepha kusetyenziswa iindlela ezinje ngokuqengqeleka, ukubumba, ukuzoba, kunye nokutshiza okukhethekileyo. Le ndlela ithandwa kakhulu kwizinto zokuhombisa ezineenkcukacha zobugcisa eziphezulu kunye namandla afanelekileyo okwakhiwa.
Kule nqanaba, igcisa okanye umzi-mveliso uza kwenza nezinto ezifana ne-ring shank (inxalenye ejikeleze i-ring), ii-prongs (ii-stone claws), okanye useto olukhethekileyo lwelitye elinqabileyo.
9. Ukugqitywa kokugqibela: Ukucokisa, ukupolisha, kunye nokuseta amatye
Nje ukuba imo esisiseko yezacholo igqityiwe, kuyagqitywa. Inqanaba lokugqiba liquka ukutshiza kakuhle, ukupolisha, kunye nokuhlolwa komphezulu ukuze kujongwe iziphene. Iplatinum yaziwa ngokuba "ayigugi njengegolide," kodwa inokuvelisa i-patina (ukukhanya okuthambileyo) ngokuhamba kwexesha. Abantu abaninzi bakhetha i-patina kuba yongeza uphawu, kodwa inokuphinda ilungiswe ukuze ibuyisele ukukhanya kwayo.
Ukuba ubucwebe busebenzisa amatye anqabileyo, busetwa yingcali. Iplatinum ikhethwa kakhulu kwiindawo zokuseta idayimani ngenxa yokuba ibambelela ngokuqinileyo nangokuzinzileyo. Nje ukuba amatye abekwe, ubucwebe bulawulwa ngomgangatho wokugqibela, kubandakanya ubunzima, ukulungelelaniswa kwamazinyo, ukulingana, kunye nentuthuzelo.
10. Ukumakishwa koMxholo kunye neMigangatho yoMgangatho
Ubucwebe beplatinum esemgangathweni budla ngokugximfizwa ngodidi olufana noluthi "Pt950," "Plat950," okanye "950." Esi sitampu sibalulekile njengesiqinisekiso sodidi lweplatinum. Ngaphezu koko, abavelisi abaziwayo ngokubanzi balandela imigangatho ethile malunga nokunyamezelana kodidi, ucoceko lwezinto, kunye neenkqubo zemveliso.
Kwimarike yezinto zokuhombisa, ukungafihlisi malunga nomxholo weplatinum, uhlobo lwe-alloy, kunye nobugcisa zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekumiseleni ixabiso lokugqibela lemveliso.
Ukuvala
Inkqubo yokuvelisa iplatinum yezinto zokuhombisa yinkqubo ende ebandakanya ukwembiwa, ukugxila kwiminerali, ukunyibilikisa, ukucocwa kweekhemikhali ezintsonkothileyo, ukuxuba, kunye nokubumba nokugqiba ngokuchanekileyo. Ukudibana kokunqaba, imingeni yokucubungula, kunye neempawu zomzimba eziphezulu kwenza iplatinum ibe lukhetho oluphezulu kwihlabathi lezinto zokuhombisa. Xa unxiba izinto zokuhombisa zeplatinum, unxiba imveliso yetekhnoloji yesinyithi, izakhono zobugcisa, kunye nohambo olude lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ukusuka kuqweqwe lomhlaba ukuya kuphawu lobuhle.
