Isalathisi soPhuhliso loLuntu: Ukulinganisa impilo-ntle kunye nenkqubela phambili
Uphuhliso lwabantu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni inkqubela phambili yelizwe. I-Human Development Index (HDI) sisixhobo sokulinganisa esisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya impumelelo yelizwe ekuphuculeni impilo-ntle yabemi balo. Yaziswa yiNkqubo yoPhuhliso lweZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNDP) ngo-1990, i-HDI inika umbono opheleleyo womgangatho wobomi bomntu ngokuqwalasela izalathisi ezahlukeneyo eziphambili.
Yintoni i-Human Development Index?
I-Human Development Index yindlela efutshane yokulinganisa impumelelo yelizwe kwiinkalo ezintathu ezisisiseko zophuhliso lomntu:
1. Impilo: Ibonakaliswa bubude bobomi. Eli nani libonisa umgangatho weenkonzo zempilo, izondlo, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezichaphazela impilo yabantu.
2. Imfundo: Ilinganiswa ngokubala iminyaka ephakathi yokufunda yabantu abadala kunye neminyaka elindelekileyo yokufunda ebantwaneni. Esi salathisi sigxininisa ukubaluleka kokufikelela kwimfundo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izakhono zomntu ngamnye.
3. Umgangatho Wokuphila Ofanelekileyo: Ulinganiswa yingeniso epheleleyo kazwelonke ngomntu ngamnye ehlengahlengisiweyo ngokwegunya lokuthenga. Eli candelo libonisa amandla oluntu okufikelela kwiimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezifunekayo ukuze kubekho ubomi obufanelekileyo.
I-HDI yindlela elula kodwa enika ulwazi oluninzi. Xa ilinganiswa ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1, kokukhona amanqaku e-HDI ephezulu, kokukhona umgangatho wobomi kwelo lizwe ungcono. Ukutolika i-HDI kuvumela amazwe ukuba ahlelwe njengamanqanaba ophuhliso aphantsi, aphakathi, aphezulu, okanye aphezulu kakhulu.
Kutheni i-HDI ibalulekile?
1. Ukuzoba uPhuhliso: I-HDI ivumela amazwe ukuba azoba inkqubela yawo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwabantu. Oku kuvumela oorhulumente kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba bahlole ukuma kwelizwe labo xa kuthelekiswa namanye kwaye bachonge iindawo ezifuna ingqwalaselo enkulu.
2. Ucwangciso lweMigaqo-nkqubo: Umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu osebenzayo uxhomekeke kwidatha echanekileyo neneenkcukacha. I-HDI ibonelela ngedatha enokusetyenziswa ukuyila iindlela zokungenelela ezijolise ngakumbi kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye noqoqosho.
3. Ibonelela ngeNjongo yoPhuhliso: Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zokulinganisa ezoqoqosho ezifana neMveliso yeKhaya ePheleleyo (i-GDP), i-HDI igxininisa ukubaluleka kwempilo nemfundo. Oku kunceda ukutshintsha ingqwalasela ukusuka ekukhuleni koqoqosho kuphela ukuya kuphuhliso olupheleleyo, olujolise kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu.
Indlela yokubala i-HDI
Ukubala i-HDI kubandakanya amanyathelo amathathu aphambili:
1. Uhlengahlengiso lweSibonakaliso: Isalathisi ngasinye sibalwa kwaye sihlengahlengiso ngokwesikali ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1. Umzekelo, kwixesha lokuphila, ubuncinci kunye nobuninzi bubekwe njengeminyaka engama-20 kunye nama-85. Uhlengahlengiso lwenziwa ukuze kufunyanwe umda wesalathiso obonisa impumelelo yelizwe kuloo mlinganiselo.
2. Ukubala iDimension Index: Into nganye ibalwa ngokwedimension index yayo, oko kukuthi i-health index, i-education index, kunye ne-standard of living index.
3. Ukubala iMean yeJiyomethri: Emva koko ii-indices ezintathu-dimensional ziyadityaniswa kusetyenziswa i-mean yejiyomethri ukuze kufunyanwe ixabiso le-HDI.
Imingeni yokusebenzisa i-IPM
1. Ayilinganisi Ukungalingani: I-HDI ayibonisi ngokuthe ngqo ukungalingani okanye ukungabikho kobulungisa ekusasazweni kwezixhobo okanye amathuba ngaphakathi kwelizwe. Oku kuthintela amandla e-HDI okuvavanya impilo-ntle kwimeko yobulungisa bentlalo.
2. Izalathisi Ezilinganiselweyo: Ukugxila kwizalathisi ezintathu eziphambili kuphela kwenza i-HDI ingachukumisi kakhulu ezinye izinto ezinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumgangatho wobomi, njengolonwabo, inkululeko yezopolitiko, kunye nokhuseleko.
3. Idatha engaphelelanga okanye engachanekanga: Ukuchaneka kwe-HDI kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwidatha echanekileyo nehlaziyiweyo. Amazwe aneenkqubo zokuqokelela idatha ezibuthathaka asenokungakwazi ukubonelela ngomfanekiso wokwenyani wemeko yokwenyani.
Impembelelo ye-HDI kwiMigaqo-nkqubo
Amazwe amaninzi asebenzise i-HDI njengesiseko sokucwangcisa imigaqo-nkqubo. Ngokuqonda okukhulayo ngokubaluleka kophuhliso lwabantu, i-HDI incede amazwe ukuba asebenzise amaqhinga apheleleyo okujongana nemingeni yezentlalo nezoqoqosho:
1. Iinkonzo zezeMpilo: Amazwe ane-HDI ephantsi adla ngokunyusa utyalo-mali kwimpilo, ngeenkqubo ezijolise ekwandiseni ukufikelela kunye nokuphucula umgangatho weenkonzo zezempilo.
2. Imfundo: Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwemfundo kukhuthaze amazwe amaninzi ukuba enze imfundo yamabanga aphantsi ibe yimfuneko kwaye kwandiswe ukufikelela kwimfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo naphezulu.
3. Ukunciphisa Ubuhlwempu: Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ejolise ekwandiseni ingeniso yomntu ngamnye, kuquka utshintsho kwicandelo labasebenzi kunye nenkxaso yamashishini amancinci naphakathi.
Ukuya kuPhuhliso oluZinzileyo
Iingxoxo ezimalunga ne-HDI zinxulumene kakhulu neenjongo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo (ii-SDG) eziqaliswe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo eziza kuphunyezwa ngo-2030. I-HDI, egxile kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nemigangatho yokuphila, ihambelana neenjongo eziphambili ze-SDG zokuphelisa ubuhlwempu, ukukhuthaza impilo-ntle, kunye nokuqinisekisa imfundo esemgangathweni.
Kwihlabathi eliyinkimbinkimbi nelinxibelelanayo ngakumbi, ukuqonda nokuphucula i-HDI linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho luhambelana nophuculo kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu iyonke. Nangona ingeyona yodwa isixhobo sovavanyo, i-HDI isaluphawu olubalulekileyo kumazwe okuvavanya inkqubela phambili kunye nokucwangcisa ikamva elingcono labemi bawo.
Ngoko ke, nangona inemida, i-HDI isaqhubeka njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufumana inkqubela phambili yoluntu iyonke. Ngokusebenzisa umlinganiselo ogxile ngakumbi kunye namaqhinga ophuhliso abandakanya wonke umntu, kunethemba lokuba lonke ilizwe linokufezekisa uphuculo oluzinzileyo nolulinganayo kwi-HDI.
