Ukugxekwa kobuKhapitali ngamaMarx
UbuMarxism, njengenye yezona zikolo ziphambili zengcinga kwimbali yengqondo, bunika uhlalutyo olubukhali nolunzulu lobukhapitali. Olwaphuhliswa nguKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels kwinkulungwane ye-19, ubuMarxism bubonelela ngembono ebaluleke kakhulu malunga nendlela esebenza ngayo ubukhapitali njengenkqubo yezoqoqosho nezentlalo, kunye nemiphumo yayo echaphazela uluntu.
Imbali kunye neSiseko seethiyori zoMarxism
Ukuze uqonde indlela uMarxism agxeka ngayo ubukhapitali, kubalulekile ukuba uqale uqonde iziseko zethiyori kaMarx ngokwayo. UKarl Marx wayejonga imbali njengenkqubo ye-dialectical, ehamba phakathi kweengxabano phakathi kweendidi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. UMarx wayebona inkqubo nganye yezoqoqosho evela kwimbali, ukusuka kubukhapitali ukuya kubukhapitali, njengenqanaba eliya kuthi ekugqibeleni lithatyathelwe indawo yinkqubo entsha nephucukileyo: ubukhapitali, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ubukomanisi.
Kwincwadi yakhe edumileyo, ethi “Das Kapital,” uMarx uhlalutye indlela esebenza ngayo i-capitalism. Ugxininise inkqubo yemveliso kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabanini be-capital (ii-capitalist) kunye nabasebenzi (abasebenzi). Ngokutsho kukaMarx, ixabiso lempahla lilinganiswa lixesha lomsebenzi elinxulumene nayo, ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba yi-labor theory of value. Nangona kunjalo, abasebenzi bafumana inxenye encinci yale xabiso njengemivuzo, ngelixa intsalela, ebizwa ngokuba yi-surplus value, ithathwa zii-capitalist njengenzuzo.
Ukugxekwa kobuKhapitali ngamaMarx
Nazi ezinye zezona zinto ziphambili ezigxekwa yiMarxism ngenkqubo yobukhapitali:
1. Ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokuKhutshwa Kwabasebenzi
Enye yezinto eziphambili uMarx azigxekayo ngenkqubo yobukhapitali yindlela le nkqubo edala ngayo ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi. Phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo wobukhapitali, abasebenzi abanazo iindlela zokuvelisa kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka bathengise umsebenzi wabo kubakhapitali ukuze baphile. Emva koko abakhapitali bathabatha inxalenye yexabiso elenziwe ngabasebenzi ngendlela yenzuzo, kwaye le yintsingiselo yokuxhaphaza.
UMarx ukwathethe ngokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi phantsi kobukhapitali. Ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi bengenalo ulawulo kwinkqubo yemveliso okanye iziqhamo zomsebenzi wabo, bahlukana neemveliso abazidalayo, kwinkqubo yabo yomsebenzi, kwabanye abasebenzi, nakwizakhono zabo zokuyila. Oku kukhokelela kwimvakalelo enzulu yokuhlukaniswa kunye nokulahlekelwa bubuntu kuluntu lobukhapitali.
2. Ukungalingani kobutyebi
Ukapitali, ngokutsho kukaMarx, ngokwemvelo udala ukungalingani kobutyebi. Ngenxa yokuba inani elincinci labantu lilawula iindlela zokuvelisa, banokuqokelela ubutyebi obuninzi kakhulu kunoninzi lwabasebenzi. Oku kungalingani akupheleli nje ekusasazweni kobutyebi ngokungalingani, kodwa kukwaphathelele nendlela amandla kunye nempembelelo ezigxininiswa ngayo ezandleni zabambalwa, ekugqibeleni kwandisa ukungalingani kwezentlalo nezopolitiko.
3. Ingxaki yexesha elithile
Ngokutsho kukaMarx, ubukhapitali bukwabonakaliswa ziingxaki zoqoqosho eziqhubekayo. Ookhapitali baqhutywa kukwandisa imveliso rhoqo nokufuna inzuzo enkulu, kodwa oku kudla ngokukhokelela kwimveliso egqithisileyo engenakukwazi ukufunxwa yimarike. Ezi ngxaki zikhokelela ekunyukeni kwemisebenzi kunye nokuhla kwemivuzo, nto leyo ebonisa ukungazinzi kwenkqubo yobukhapitali.
4. Ukuthengiswa kwempahla
UMarx wathi ubukhapitali butshintsha zonke iinkalo zobomi, ukusuka kwizinto eziphathekayo ukuya kumsebenzi womntu, kwaneengcamango kunye nenkcubeko. Kuluntu lobukhapitali, phantse yonke into inexabiso kwaye iphathwa njengempahla yokuthenga nokuthengisa. Oku kuyawuthoba umgangatho wentlalo kunye nokuziphatha, kunciphisa ubudlelwane babantu bube ziintengiselwano zoqoqosho nje.
5. Ukuxhomekeka ekukhuleni okungenamkhawulo
Ubukhapitali busekelwe kumgaqo wokuqokelelwa kwemali okungenamkhawulo, oko kuthetha ukuba uqoqosho kufuneka luhlale lukhula. Nangona kunjalo, olu khula luqhubekayo alunakugcinwa ngonaphakade kwiplanethi enezixhobo ezilinganiselweyo. UMarx wayesele ebona oku njengenye yezinto ezibuthathaka ezisisiseko zobukhapitali, nto leyo ebaluleke ngakumbi kumxholo weengxoxo zanamhlanje malunga notshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuzinza kokusingqongileyo.
6. Ukunciphisa Abantu Babe Zizidalwa Ezisetyenziswa Kwizixhobo Zomculo
Enye yezinto ezigxeka kakhulu uMarx ngobungxowankulu kukunciphisa abantu babe zizixhobo nje zemveliso kunye nokuqokelela imali. Kule nkqubo, abantu baxatyiswa kungekhona ngenxa yobuntu babo kodwa ngenxa yegalelo labo kwimveliso yezoqoqosho kunye nenzuzo. Oku kutshabalalisa ixabiso lomntu kwaye akunaki iinkalo ezingezizo ezoqoqosho zobomi bomntu.
Ukubaluleka KobuMarxism Namhlanje
Ukugxekwa kobukhapitali yiMarxism kusabalulekile kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ukungalingani kobutyebi kusengumba ophambili kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye iingxaki zoqoqosho ziyaphinda zibuyele. Nangona ubukhapitali butshintshe kwaye butshintsha ukususela ngexesha likaMarx, uninzi lweengxaki uMarx azichongileyo zisekhona.
Ingxaki yokusingqongileyo, mhlawumbi engalindelwanga ngokupheleleyo nguMarx, ikwabonelela ngokugxekwa okongezelelweyo kobungxowankulu. Ukukhula okungathintelwanga kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezixhobo zendalo okuqhutywa bubungxowankulu banamhlanje kutshabalalisa iinkqubo zendalo, kubangela utshintsho olukhulu lwemozulu, kwaye kwenza iimeko zokuphila zibe mandundu kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi.
Ngaphezu koko, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwehlabathi kuye kwatshintsha uhlobo lomsebenzi kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso, kodwa kukwaveze iindlela ezintsha nezifihlakeleyo zokuxhaphaza abasebenzi. Umzekelo, abasebenzi bezoqoqosho lwegig, abadla ngokungabi nakhuseleko lomsebenzi kunye nokhuseleko loluntu, babonisa iindlela ezintsha zokuzihlukanisa kunye nokungakhuseleki kwezoqoqosho.
Isiphelo
UbuMarx bunika uhlalutyo olunzulu nolucwangcisiweyo lwenkqubo yobukhapitali, bugxininisa ukuxhaphazwa kwayo, ukungalingani, iingxaki eziqhubekayo, ukuthengiswa kwempahla, ukuxhomekeka ekukhuleni okungenamkhawulo, kunye nokungahloniphi abantu. Ezi ngxelo azizange ziphelele nje ngexesha lazo kodwa zisasebenza nanamhlanje.
Nangona ezinye iinkalo zohlalutyo lukaMarxist zisenokufuna ukulungiswa ukuze zihambelane neemeko zanamhlanje, iingcamango ezisisiseko zobulungisa kwezoqoqosho, ulawulo lwabasebenzi kwimveliso, kunye nohlalutyo lokungalingani kobutyebi zihlala ziziseko ezibalulekileyo zokuvavanya nokujongana nemingeni ebangelwa yi-capitalism yanamhlanje. Ngoko ke, uhlalutyo lukaMarxist lwe-capitalism aluyonxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufunda imbali yezoqoqosho nezentlalo kuphela kodwa lukwasisixhobo esiluncedo sokucamngca nokubumba ikamva elinobulungisa ngakumbi nelizinzileyo.
